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. 2019 Dec 27;9:19987. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56117-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Culture and characterization of printed femoral condyles. (a) Schematic of printed femoral condyle and image of printed construct after 56 days of culture. (b) Schematic of five distinct print regions biopsied from printed femoral condyle models for analysis. (c) DNA content, (d) sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, (e) collagen (COL) content, and (f) compressive moduli for construct biopsies after 56 days of culture. Left: Representative images and Right: staining quantification of (g) alcian blue staining for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), (h) immunohistochemistry for type II collagen (COL II), and (i) immunohistochemistry for type I collagen (COL I) for construct biopsies after 56 days of culture. Scale bars = 1 cm (a) and 100 μm (g–i), n = 3 printed constructs, n ≥ 15 sections, 45 images per group, n.s. = not significant.