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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20150. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56772-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Detection test using IgA. (A) Difference of the measurements based on convective flow and normal diffusion. Comparison of absorbance measurement using different amounts of fixed detection antibody on the microbeads and of enzyme-labeled antibody solution is also presented. The negative control of antigen sample was included to consider the effect of non-specific adsorption and determine the threshold. The highlighted region indicates the 1.66-fold signal enhancement. (B) Calibration curve of on-chip ELISA using C3 flow for IgA. Error bars represent standard deviation with n = 5. Visible difference of (C) 125 ng/mL and (D) blank, 0 ng/mL after adding the stop solution.