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. 2019 Oct 31;11(11):3256–3268. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz238

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3. — —Duplication and reciprocal loss patterns of BAAT during amniote evolution. (A) Simplified phylogenetic tree of representative amniote species where we analyzed gene order conservation of both loci containing annotated BAAT genes. The gene order of ancestral lineages was inferred by parsimony and major gene loss or rearrangement events are labeled on the respective branches. The amniote ancestor likely possessed a single BAAT gene (blue font), which was flanked by MRPL50 (bold font). A tandem duplication of this gene occurred before the split of placental mammals and marsupials, giving rise to BAAT and BAATP1. Turtle and alligator exhibit a second BAAT gene (green font) in a genomic locus flanked by ZP1 (bold font). As frog and fish do not appear to possess a BAAT-like gene in this locus, this second BAAT gene likely arose by duplication in the Sauropsida ancestor. The BAAT gene in the first locus was likely independently lost in the lineage leading to chicken and anole lizard. In platypus, gene order around the single BAAT gene differs from other lineages, suggesting rearrangements in this locus that involved a local translocation of BAAT (note that the MRPL50 gene is downstream of BAAT). (B) Phylogenetic tree computed by phyML (Yang 2007) from BAAT and ACOT type 1 family members corroborates the duplication and loss history of BAAT genes inferred gene order analysis. Bootstrap values in percent of 1,000 iterations are shown on those branches where bootstrap support was <100%. Zebrafish Acot22 was used as an outgroup to root the tree. The tree supports that BAAT genes are separated from other ACOT family members and that the BAAT in both loci (blue and green, see panel A) represent two groups. BAATP1 genes of placental mammals and marsupials (dark blue font) form a well-supported group, supporting that a single tandem duplication occurred. Several placental mammals exhibit lineage-specific duplications of BAAT (armadillo) or BAATP1 (mouse, pig).