Fig. 6.

Multifaceted etiology of complex cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and vasculopathies, and cardiometabolic diseases from diabetic conditions are complex in nature, with highly multifaceted disease etiology. The known causal factors of disease include, but are not limited to, the following: genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental pollutants, stress, diet and microbiome changes, smoking, and daily routines such as aerobic activities. To best model such complex diseases, a combined analysis of transcriptome, metabolome, epigenome, and function of patient-specific iPSC-derived cells challenged with the factors in question must be performed. The results of these meta-analyses will provide precise characterization of the patient’s disease phenotype that optimizes the design of patient-specific therapeutics.