Table 2.
Prevalence, cases, and ORs for postpartum depression assessed using EPDS according to education level
| Highest education level | p-value for trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥16 years (n = 19,621) |
>12–<16 years (n = 38,030) |
≤12 years (n = 32,543) |
|||||
| 1 month | |||||||
| Prevalence, % | 11.6 | 13.2 | 17.7 | ||||
| Cases, n | 2271 | 5010 | 5768 | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | – | 1.16 | (1.10–1.22) | 1.65 | (1.56–1.73) | < .001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | – | 1.14 | (1.08–1.20) | 1.48 | (1.40–1.56) | < .001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | – | 1.07 | (1.01–1.13) | 1.26 | (1.19–1.34) | < .001 |
| 6 months | |||||||
| Prevalence, % | 9.0 | 10.5 | 15.2 | ||||
| Cases, n | 1768 | 3975 | 4933 | ||||
| OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Crude | 1.00 | – | 1.18 | (1.11–1.25) | 1.80 | (1.70–1.92) | < .001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | – | 1.15 | (1.09–1.23) | 1.57 | (1.48–1.67) | < .001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | – | 1.03 | (0.97–1.10) | 1.21 | (1.13–1.29) | < .001 |
The table shows the imputed data for the 90,194 mothers in the study
Boldface indicates statistical significance at the level of 5%
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cases: a total EPDS score of ≥9
Crude: crude model
Model 1: Partial model adjusted for physician-diagnosed history of depression, anxiety disorder, dysautonomia, and schizophrenia
Model 2: Full model adjusted for all the covariates of the model 1; maternal age; body mass index; parity; smoking status; alcohol intake; physical activity; employment status; feeding method; marital status; annual household income; and passive smoking status