Table 3.
Probit Hackman model showing type of payment for insurance among NHIS insured men and women in Ghana
| Variables | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHIS status 1 = covered, 0 = not covered (selection) | Type of payment (paid by self = 1, paid by others = 0) | NHIS status 1 = covered, 0 = not covered (selection) | Type of payment (paid by self = 1, paid by others = 0) | |
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | 0.358*** (0.105) | −1.409*** (0.154) | − 0.0989 (0.0707) | −1.593*** (0.122) |
| 20–24 | 0.0472 (0.0981) | −0.624*** (0.130) | −0.204*** (0.0585) | −0.590*** (0.0700) |
| 25–29 | − 0.100 (0.0852) | −0.0585 (0.112) | − 0.0310 (0.0521) | −0.148* (0.0577) |
| 30–34 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 35–39 | 0.285** (0.0874) | 0.127 (0.111) | 0.0494 (0.0537) | 0.128* (0.0595) |
| 40–44 | 0.184* (0.0922) | 0.0387 (0.121) | 0.00825 (0.0575) | 0.223** (0.0692) |
| 45–49 | 0.360*** (0.0997) | 0.0659 (0.135) | 0.0688 (0.0611) | 0.424*** (0.0752) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never in union | −0.191 (0.0994) | − 0.367** (0.136) | −0.234*** (0.0554) | 0.265** (0.0814) |
| Married | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Widowed | −0.270 (0.141) | − 0.352* (0.176) | −0.194** (0.0607) | 0.789*** (0.131) |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | −0.746*** (0.109) | −0.244 (0.150) | − 0.510*** (0.0718) | −0.224* (0.107) |
| Poorer | −0.581*** (0.0963) | −0.268* (0.134) | −0.424*** (0.0629) | −0.131 (0.0982) |
| Middle | −0.509*** (0.0855) | −0.165 (0.122) | − 0.353*** (0.0548) | −0.0109 (0.0844) |
| Richer | −0.266*** (0.0759) | −0.0650 (0.0993) | − 0.216*** (0.0493) | 0.0393 (0.0686) |
| Richest | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Region | ||||
| Western | 0.321*** (0.0948) | 0.296* (0.134) | 0.382*** (0.0606) | 0.220* (0.0855) |
| Central | 0.222* (0.0993) | 0.279 (0.144) | 0.0228 (0.0611) | 0.0674 (0.0846) |
| Greater Accra | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Volta | 0.970*** (0.108) | 0.863*** (0.151) | 0.672*** (0.0682) | 0.650*** (0.0956) |
| Eastern | 0.607*** (0.0979) | 0.677*** (0.142) | 0.513*** (0.0638) | 0.120 (0.101) |
| Ashanti | 0.537*** (0.0942) | 0.818*** (0.127) | −0.0315 (0.0582) | − 0.128 (0.0796) |
| Brong Ahafo | 0.936*** (0.0989) | 0.845*** (0.138) | 0.841*** (0.0649) | − 0.106 (0.140) |
| Northern | 1.120*** (0.110) | 0.720*** (0.159) | 0.811*** (0.0718) | 0.175 (0.127) |
| Upper east | 1.623*** (0.116) | 1.290*** (0.162) | 0.816*** (0.0707) | 0.336** (0.124) |
| Upper west | 1.579*** (0.117) | 1.033*** (0.163) | 1.439*** (0.0808) | 0.418** (0.160) |
| Religion | ||||
| Christian | −0.134* (0.0596) | −0.154* (0.0738) | −0.152*** (0.0417) | 0.160** (0.0525) |
| Islam | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Traditional/spiritualist | −0.577*** (0.106) | −0.295 (0.158) | − 0.362*** (0.0962) | 0.337* (0.140) |
| No religion | −0.535*** (0.106) | −0.430* (0.175) | −0.359*** (0.0860) | −0.0119 (0.128) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Rural | 0.105 (0.0582) | −0.0126 (0.0781) | 0.0158 (0.0379) | −0.0107 (0.0476) |
| Parity | ||||
| No child | 0.0390 (0.124) | −0.139 (0.168) | 0.116 (0.0721) | 0.253** (0.0890) |
| 1–2 | −0.0325 (0.0878) | − 0.228 (0.123) | 0.214*** (0.0521) | 0.392*** (0.0614) |
| 3–4 | 0.0473 (0.0791) | − 0.141 (0.108) | 0.134** (0.0463) | 0.147** (0.0553) |
| 5+ | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Employment | ||||
| Unemployed | 0.391*** (0.0688) | −0.423*** (0.0961) | 0.0602 (0.0364) | − 0.403*** (0.0576) |
| Employed | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Instrumental variable | ||||
| Education | ||||
| No education | −0.864*** (0.0969) | − 0.514*** (0.0846) | ||
| Primary | − 0.826*** (0.102) | − 0.429*** (0.0810) | ||
| Secondary | −0.539*** (0.0777) | − 0.219** (0.0736) | ||
| Higher | ref | ref | ||
| Summary Statistics | ||||
| Number of observations | 3853 | 9385 | ||
| Selected | 2004 | 6171 | ||
| Non-selected | 1849 | 3214 | ||
| Log likelihood | − 3007.572 | − 8892.495 | ||
| Wald Chi- square | 578.39 | 875.83 | ||
| Prob > Chi- square | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Athrho | 1.659586 | 5,485,849 | ||
| Rho | 9,301,614 | .4994589 | ||
Standard errors in parentheses
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001