Table 4.
Probit Hackman model showing reasons for not being insured under the NHIS among men in Ghana
| Variables | Male | Male | Male | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Cannot afford NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Do not trust NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Do not need NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | |
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 | − 0.361*** (0.105) | 0.552*** (0.125) | −0.373*** (0.106) | −0.536** (0.206) | − 0.372*** (0.106) | −0.532** (0.180) |
| 20–24 | − 0.0500 (0.0981) | 0.118 (0.115) | −0.0685 (0.0987) | −0.0991 (0.171) | − 0.0661 (0.0982) | −0.155 (0.138) |
| 25–29 | 0.115 (0.0849) | −0.142 (0.102) | 0.117 (0.0858) | 0.0394 (0.152) | 0.120 (0.0855) | −0.0418 (0.118) |
| 30–34 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 35–39 | −0.286** (0.0870) | 0.243* (0.106) | −0.294*** (0.0881) | 0.139 (0.181) | − 0.296*** (0.0881) | −0.0267 (0.142) |
| 40–44 | −0.197* (0.0920) | 0.0418 (0.112) | − 0.203* (0.0935) | 0.0459 (0.179) | − 0.208* (0.0936) | −0.0298 (0.137) |
| 45–49 | −0.388*** (0.0984) | 0.194 (0.123) | −0.388*** (0.100) | − 0.347 (0.232) | − 0.390*** (0.101) | −0.00735 (0.164) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never in union | 0.192* (0.0971) | −0.141 (0.110) | 0.176 (0.0983) | −0.109 (0.166) | 0.171 (0.0980) | 0.0423 (0.135) |
| Married | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Widowed | 0.253 (0.139) | 0.138 (0.164) | 0.266 (0.143) | −0.0772 (0.303) | 0.276 (0.145) | −0.306 (0.210) |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 0.738*** (0.111) | 0.336 (0.218) | 0.738*** (0.113) | −0.0375 (0.311) | 0.728*** (0.113) | −0.920*** (0.222) |
| Poorer | 0.600*** (0.0994) | 0.323 (0.182) | 0.567*** (0.0990) | −0.202 (0.262) | 0.558*** (0.0995) | −0.449* (0.195) |
| Middle | 0.519*** (0.0882) | 0.106 (0.148) | 0.498*** (0.0877) | −0.283 (0.227) | 0.492*** (0.0877) | −0.361* (0.167) |
| Richer | 0.271*** (0.0770) | −0.00621 (0.113) | 0.257*** (0.0770) | −0.129 (0.166) | 0.256*** (0.0772) | 0.00119 (0.137) |
| Richest | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | Ref |
| Region | ||||||
| Western | −0.341*** (0.0937) | 0.193 (0.112) | − 0.340*** (0.0950) | −0.730*** (0.171) | −0.344*** (0.0943) | 0.165 (0.131) |
| Central | −0.238* (0.0983) | 0.412*** (0.110) | −0.231* (0.0996) | 0.00423 (0.158) | −0.234* (0.0990) | −0.0858 (0.138) |
| Greater Accra | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Volta | −1.002*** (0.106) | 0.440** (0.147) | −0.982*** (0.108) | −0.903*** (0.259) | −0.980*** (0.108) | −0.371 (0.286) |
| Eastern | −0.624*** (0.0971) | 0.408*** (0.123) | −0.623*** (0.0985) | −0.962*** (0.229) | −0.624*** (0.0980) | −0.124 (0.188) |
| Ashanti | −0.579*** (0.0933) | 0.277* (0.125) | −0.573*** (0.0943) | 0.0000631 (0.180) | −0.573*** (0.0944) | −0.0828 (0.171) |
| Brong Ahafo | −0.982*** (0.0983) | 0.328* (0.159) | −0.973*** (0.0996) | −0.469 (0.243) | − 0.971*** (0.0995) | −0.0201 (0.243) |
| Northern | −1.158*** (0.111) | 0.652*** (0.152) | −1.147*** (0.111) | −0.977*** (0.267) | −1.140*** (0.112) | 0.0890 (0.273) |
| Upper east | −1.666*** (0.117) | 1.311*** (0.162) | −1.668*** (0.118) | −1.245** (0.396) | −1.663*** (0.118) | −0.0650 (0.417) |
| Upper west | −1.623*** (0.119) | 1.684*** (0.160) | −1.621*** (0.120) | −0.869* (0.392) | −1.616*** (0.120) | −0.711 (0.499) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Christian | 0.130* (0.0606) | 0.0847 (0.0764) | 0.114 (0.0616) | 0.0184 (0.134) | 0.120 (0.0617) | −0.0273 (0.0993) |
| Islam | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Traditional/spiritualist | 0.618*** (0.109) | −0.0445 (0.131) | 0.587*** (0.108) | 0.305 (0.271) | 0.581*** (0.108) | −0.0757 (0.223) |
| No religion | 0.539*** (0.103) | −0.198 (0.120) | 0.543*** (0.106) | 0.359 (0.204) | 0.538*** (0.106) | 0.0101 (0.170) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Rural | −0.110 (0.0607) | −0.0749 (0.0747) | − 0.0966 (0.0603) | −0.171 (0.134) | − 0.0951 (0.0601) | 0.189* (0.0959) |
| Parity | ||||||
| Nulliparous | −0.0418 (0.121) | 0.0211 (0.141) | −0.0490 (0.122) | 0.188 (0.232) | −0.0482 (0.122) | −0.138 (0.179) |
| 1–2 | 0.0371 (0.0875) | − 0.0799 (0.104) | 0.0124 (0.0891) | 0.201 (0.178) | 0.00507 (0.0893) | −0.0833 (0.133) |
| 3–4 | −0.0486 (0.0789) | 0.119 (0.0948) | −0.0689 (0.0799) | − 0.109 (0.169) | −0.0695 (0.0798) | − 0.101 (0.123) |
| 5+ | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Employment | ||||||
| Unemployed | −0.379*** (0.0689) | 0.384*** (0.0863) | −0.391*** (0.0694) | −0.0159 (0.176) | − 0.390*** (0.0693) | −0.0786 (0.154) |
| Employed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Instrumental variable | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 0.837*** (0.106) | 0.798*** (0.112) | 0.809*** (0.110) | |||
| Primary | 0.802*** (0.107) | 0.861*** (0.104) | 0.873*** (0.101) | |||
| Secondary | 0.524*** (0.0864) | 0.557*** (0.0872) | 0.563*** (0.0847) | |||
| Higher | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Summary Statistics | ||||||
| Number of observations | 3854 | 3854 | 3854 | |||
| Selected | 1849 | 1849 | 1849 | |||
| Non-selected | 2005 | 2005 | 2005 | |||
| Log likelihood | − 3191.005 | − 2752.658 | − 3203.714 | |||
| Wald Chi- square | 398.42 | 141.76 | 118.11 | |||
| Prob > Chi- square | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Athrho | −1.572285 | 0.42878 | −0.3853279 | |||
| Rho | −0.9173885 | 0.4043012 | −0.3673255 | |||
Standard errors in parentheses
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001