Table 5.
Probit Hackman model showing reasons for not being insured under the NHIS among women in GhanaVariables
| Female | Female | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Cannot afford NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Do not trust NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | Not covered by NHIS 1 = not covered, 0 = covered (selection) | Do not need NHIS (1 = yes, 0 = no) | |
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–19 | 0.0978 (0.0696) | 0.245* (0.110) | 0.105 (0.0697) | −0.699** (0.239) | 0.104 (0.0698) | − 0.527** (0.171) |
| 20–24 | 0.203*** (0.0578) | −0.0519 (0.0911) | 0.209*** (0.0578) | −0.109 (0.196) | 0.209*** (0.0578) | −0.182 (0.146) |
| 25–29 | 0.0299 (0.0523) | 0.0334 (0.0815) | 0.0303 (0.0523) | 0.100 (0.160) | 0.0304 (0.0523) | −0.232 (0.119) |
| 30–34 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 35–39 | −0.0496 (0.0537) | −0.0225 (0.0814) | − 0.0469 (0.0537) | 0.134 (0.174) | − 0.0470 (0.0537) | −0.196 (0.124) |
| 40–44 | −0.00618 (0.0574) | − 0.170 (0.0896) | −0.00615 (0.0575) | − 0.00757 (0.197) | −0.00619 (0.0575) | 0.106 (0.120) |
| 45–49 | −0.0663 (0.0613) | −0.0152 (0.0898) | − 0.0682 (0.0613) | 0.0585 (0.205) | − 0.0684 (0.0613) | 0.195 (0.131) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never in union | 0.228*** (0.0535) | −0.125 (0.0809) | 0.228*** (0.0536) | 0.237 (0.160) | 0.227*** (0.0537) | 0.149 (0.122) |
| Married | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Widowed | 0.183** (0.0605) | 0.0205 (0.0873) | 0.191** (0.0608) | −0.133 (0.214) | 0.191** (0.0608) | 0.0765 (0.136) |
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 0.500*** (0.0714) | 0.729*** (0.195) | 0.503*** (0.0718) | −0.387 (0.389) | 0.504*** (0.0718) | −0.446 (0.267) |
| Poorer | 0.409*** (0.0623) | 0.609*** (0.173) | 0.420*** (0.0627) | −0.399 (0.310) | 0.420*** (0.0628) | −0.195 (0.212) |
| Middle | 0.341*** (0.0541) | 0.351** (0.135) | 0.345*** (0.0545) | −0.0857 (0.232) | 0.345*** (0.0545) | −0.121 (0.176) |
| Richer | 0.207*** (0.0491) | 0.162 (0.104) | 0.211*** (0.0492) | −0.203 (0.181) | 0.211*** (0.0492) | −0.0628 (0.130) |
| Richest | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Region | ||||||
| Western | −0.383*** (0.0604) | 0.0168 (0.1000) | − 0.382*** (0.0607) | 0.462* (0.209) | −0.382*** (0.0606) | −0.125 (0.160) |
| Central | −0.0177 (0.0611) | 0.0287 (0.0840) | −0.0216 (0.0613) | −0.132 (0.156) | − 0.0220 (0.0612) | 0.124 (0.108) |
| Greater Accra | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Volta | −0.665*** (0.0677) | 0.138 (0.120) | − 0.666*** (0.0680) | −0.127 (0.307) | − 0.666*** (0.0679) | −0.266 (0.243) |
| Eastern | −0.506*** (0.0637) | 0.264* (0.103) | −0.511*** (0.0639) | −0.349 (0.264) | − 0.512*** (0.0638) | −0.0284 (0.204) |
| Ashanti | 0.0286 (0.0580) | −0.240** (0.0852) | 0.0320 (0.0584) | − 0.555*** (0.169) | 0.0317 (0.0582) | −0.252* (0.105) |
| Brong Ahafo | −0.843*** (0.0647) | 0.0649 (0.142) | −0.843*** (0.0649) | −0.0934 (0.399) | − 0.843*** (0.0648) | −0.298 (0.294) |
| Northern | −0.821*** (0.0715) | 0.720*** (0.104) | −0.812*** (0.0718) | −0.474 (0.396) | − 0.812*** (0.0718) | −0.565* (0.287) |
| Upper east | −0.822*** (0.0711) | −0.269 (0.166) | − 0.819*** (0.0712) | −0.155 (0.403) | − 0.819*** (0.0712) | −1.005** (0.343) |
| Upper west | −1.437*** (0.0804) | 1.228*** (0.138) | −1.432*** (0.0807) | −0.347 (0.652) | −1.432*** (0.0806) | −0.806 (0.507) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Christian | 0.151*** (0.0416) | 0.102 (0.0710) | 0.153*** (0.0416) | −0.0722 (0.135) | 0.153*** (0.0416) | 0.0189 (0.109) |
| Islam | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Traditional/spiritualist | 0.351*** (0.0957) | 0.468** (0.154) | 0.358*** (0.0963) | −0.0601 (0.443) | 0.358*** (0.0963) | 0.0801 (0.276) |
| No religion | 0.341*** (0.0855) | 0.0928 (0.129) | 0.354*** (0.0864) | 0.162 (0.292) | 0.353*** (0.0865) | 0.170 (0.206) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Rural | −0.0135 (0.0378) | −0.114* (0.0571) | −0.0137 (0.0378) | − 0.293* (0.123) | −0.0138 (0.0378) | 0.121 (0.0871) |
| Parity | ||||||
| No child | −0.103 (0.0710) | −0.0379 (0.111) | − 0.113 (0.0713) | −0.00485 (0.218) | − 0.113 (0.0713) | 0.343* (0.172) |
| 1–2 | −0.211*** (0.0520) | −0.0834 (0.0920) | − 0.215*** (0.0522) | 0.00494 (0.189) | −0.215*** (0.0522) | 0.0830 (0.151) |
| 3–4 | −0.132** (0.0462) | 0.0563 (0.0694) | − 0.134** (0.0464) | −0.116 (0.168) | − 0.134** (0.0464) | 0.0586 (0.121) |
| 5+ | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | −0.0650 (0.0364) | 0.152** (0.0530) | −0.0637 (0.0363) | 0.203 (0.112) | −0.0637 (0.0364) | − 0.0972 (0.0871) |
| Employed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Instrumental variable | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 0.579*** (0.0745) | 0.541*** (0.0821) | 0.544*** (0.0821) | |||
| Primary | 0.485*** (0.0726) | 0.451*** (0.0796) | 0.454*** (0.0800) | |||
| Secondary | 0.275*** (0.0658) | 0.246*** (0.0726) | 0.249*** (0.0741) | |||
| Higher | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Summary Statistics | ||||||
| Number of observations | 9385 | 9385 | 9385 | |||
| Selected | 3214 | 3214 | 3214 | |||
| Non-selected | 6171 | 6171 | 6171 | |||
| Log likelihood | − 7034.182 | − 5989.41 | − 6610.028 | |||
| Wald Chi- square | 407.8 | 102.26 | 125.46 | |||
| Prob > Chi- square | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
| Athrho | −1.201377 | 0.0783509 | 0.0768847 | |||
| Rho | −0.8340742 | 0.078191 | 0.0767336 | |||
Standard errors in parentheses
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
***p < 0.001