Table I.

Material properties of bone and bone-like substances. The parameters listed are longitudinal sound velocity (c_l), shear velocity (c_s), density (ρ) and Poisson’s ratio (ν). Note that the values for cancellous bone refer to only to the trabecular component, not to the composite medium consisting of the trabecular matrix filled with either marrow (in vivo) or water (in vitro).

Reference	Substance	cl (m/s)	cs (m/s)	ρ (g/cc)	υ
Hosokawa & Otani, [40]	Bovine cancellous bone	3800	2000	1.95	0.32
Anderson et al., [102]	Hydroxyapatite	6790		3.22	0.28
Luo et al., [45]	Cortical bone	2900	1303	1.85
Gong et al., [103]	Bovine cancellous bone			1.93
Lang et al., [104]	Bovine cortical bone			1.96	0.32
Williams, [105]	Bovine cancellous bone	3800 *
Rho et al., [106]	Bovine cancellous bone	2898±85
Ashman et al., [107]	Human cancellous bone	2639−2754		1.73−1.80
-	Bovine cancellous bone	2501		1.74
Grenoble et al., [99] †	Powdered human femur	3917	2020		0.33
-	Fresh bovine femur	4890	2495		0.34
-	Hydroxyapatite (mineral)	5565	4765		0.27
-	Hydroxyapatite (synth.)	5628	4818		0.28

^*Extrapolated (to zero porosity) from bulk measurements over a range of porosities (where porosity is the volume fraction of marrow). See (J. L. Williams, 1992), figure 2.

^†Assuming ρ = 1.96 gm/cc.