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. 2019 Jul 21;13(1):210–227. doi: 10.1111/eva.12839

Table 1.

Gene families showing differential expansions in gymnosperms

Gene family Function Taxon Reference
MYB Defense response, vascular development Pinus taeda, Picea glauca Bedon et al. (2010); Patzlaff et al. (2003)
NB‐LRR Disease resistance Picea abies Fossdal et al. (2012)
sRNA's (SGS3, DCL1) Epigenetics, transposable element silencing P. taeda, Pinus lambertiana, P. abies Gonzalez‐Ibeas et al. (2016); Yakovlev, Carneros, Lee, Olsen, and Fossdal (2016)
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) Lignin biosynthesis P. taeda Bagal, Leebens‐Mack, Lorenz, and Dean (2012)
Ty3/Gypsy Transposable element P. abies, Pinus palustrus, Abies concolor, Podocarpus totara and others Nystedt et al. (2013); Friesen, Brandes, and Heslop‐Harrison (2001)
Cytochrome P450 Monoterpenoid production Thuja plicata Gesell et al. (2015);
P. glauca Warren et al. (2015)
miR390‐TAS3‐ARF Auxin signaling P. abies Xia, Xu, Arikit, and Meyers (2015)
CslE/J/G‐like Cellulose synthesis P. abies, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus banksiana and others Yin et al. (2014)
Dehydrins Drought, cold tolerance P. glauca, Abies balsamea, Larix laricina and others Stival Sena et al. (2018); Rigault et al. (2011)
Glucosinolate biosynthesis and α‐bisabolene synthase Terpene‐mediated defense Ginkgo biloba Guan et al. (2016)
FSL2 and EFR Bacterial infection defense G. biloba Guan et al. (2016)