Table 5.

Genetic gains for each traita when selecting the top 5% trees in three selection index scenarios (SIs) using the ABLUP and GBLUP methods. Gains are expressed as a percentage of the phenotypic mean. A positive percentage indicates an improvement in the value of the trait. DBH₁₅ was not considered because of the null heritability and associated null genetic gains

Selection indexb	Velocity16 (%)	Density15 (%)	MFA15 c (%)	Height15 (%)	Height15/DBH15 (%)	CWAc (%)
ABLUP
SI−1: emphasis on weevil resistance (w 1 = 0.3; w 2 = 0.6; w 3 = 0.1; w 4 = 0)	4.27	0.08	1.70	12.13	10.97	67.97
SI−2: maximize Height15, CWA, Velocity16 (w 1 = 0.25; w 2 = 0.4; w 3 = 0.35; w 4 = 0)	6.32	0.14	4.91	12.36	11.09	56.89
SI−3: maximize Height15, CWA, Velocity16, Density15 (w 1 = 0.2; w 2 = 0.3; w 3 = 0.25; w 4 = 0.25)	5.77	1.87	0.25	11.51	11.10	53.77
GBLUP
SI−1: emphasis on weevil resistance (w 1 = 0.3; w 2 = 0.6; w 3 = 0.1; w 4 = 0)	5.30	0.62	3.61	7.82	9.74	54.57
SI−2: maximize Height15, CWA, Velocity16 (w 1 = 0.3; w 2 = 0.35; w 3 = 0.35; w 4 = 0)	6.17	0.51	5.62	8.10	10.30	50.33
SI−3: maximize Height15, CWA, Velocity16, Density15 (w 1 = 0.25; w 2 = 0.25; w 3 = 0.25; w 4 = 0.25)	5.60	2.60	2.09	7.93	10.18	45.84

^aSee Table 1 for full descriptions of traits.

^bIndex selection formula (Equation 10): $\mathit{SI}=w_1{\mathit{Height}}_{15\mathit{EBV}}-w_2{\mathit{CWA}}_{6.15\mathit{EBV}}+w_3{\mathit{Velocity}}_{16\mathit{EBV}}+w_4{\mathit{Density}}_{15\mathit{EBV}},$ where ${\mathit{Height}}_{15\mathit{EBV}}$,${\mathit{CWA}}_{6.15\mathit{EBV}}$, ${\mathit{Velocity}}_{16\mathit{EBV}}$, and ${\mathit{Density}}_{15\mathit{EBV}}$ are the BLUP estimated breeding values from the single‐trait ABLUP (EBVs) or GBLUP (GEBVs) analysis for the corresponding trait (Equation 2).

^cFor MFA and CWA, an improvement (positive percentage) is associated with a decreasing value of the trait (i.e., a reduction of the microfibril angle and a reduction of the cumulative number of weevil attacks, respectively).