Table 11.

Rat efficacy studies of local analgesics

Agent	Dose	Route	Test	Duration of action	Comments	Ref
Bupivacaine		PN	SNB	7 h	Liposomal formulation increased duration to 21 h	54
	1-6 mg/kg liposomal formula	SC	VF	2 h		110
	2 mg/kg	SC	VF	—		110
	2% 300 µL	SC	VF	25 min		74
	2% liposomal Equation 300 µL	SC	VF	200 min		74
	5-15 mg/mL	SC	HP	120-200 min	Latency increased in dose dependent manner	93
Levobupivacaine	0.3% 50 µL	SC	SX	3-24 h		122
Lidocaine	2% 400 µL		HP, CCI		Reduced scratching behavior	15
	1.5-13.8 mmol/kg	SC	VF	15-30 min 13.8mmol	ED50 5.4 mmol/kg; ED75 8.0 mmol/kg	32
	2% 600 µL	SC	VF		ED50 0.13%	33
	4.4-62.2 mmol/kg	SC	VF	15-30 min at 62.2 mmol/kg	ED50 13.3 mmol/kg; ED80 36.7 mmol/kg	31
	2% gel	Top	TF	20 min		9
Pramoxine	12-120 mmol/kg	SC	VF	15-30 min at 120 mmol	ED50 42.1 mmol/kg; ED75 63.9 mmol/kg	32
Procaine	2% 600 µL	SC	VF		ED50 0.44%	33
Ropivacaine	2 mg/mL 300 µL	ID	Lap, VF	Up to 24 h	Less disturbed circadian rhythm, HR, BP	30

PN = perineural; SNB = sciatic nerve block; CCI = chronic constriction injury

ID = intradermal; Top = topical; HR = heart rate; BP = blood pressure; HP = hot plate assay; TF = tail-flick assay; VF = von Frey test