Table 8.

Mouse efficacy studies of local anesthetics

Agent	Dose	Route	Test	Duration of action	Comments	Reference
Bupivacaine	0.5%	Immer	TBX	No effect	Immersion for 30 s	48
	0.25% to 0.5% 50 µL	SC	HP, TF	5-15 min at 0.25 mg/kg	Epinephrine at 1:200000 increased duration to 60 min	190
				30-45 min at 0.5 mg/kg
	0.5% 150 µL	SC	Electric	1-2 h		73
	10% in polymer	SC	HP, SNB	Up to 30 h		187
	333 mg/kg in polymer	SC	HP, SNB	Up to 48 h		192
	0.015% to 0.5% 150 µL	SC	Electric	15 min low dose; 60 min high dose		77
	0.12% 100 µL	SC	TF	30-45 min		191
	0.75% 20 µL	SC	TBX, TF	< 5 min	In effective for TBX	108
	1.1% 40 µL	SC	TF	45 min	Epinephrine increased duration to 80 min	75
	5 mg/kg	SC	Lap	Up to 60 min	Reduced mouse grimace scale	130
EMLA		Top	Tail vein injection	No effect		47
		Top	TBX	No effect		48
Lidocaine	2-4mM	Immer	TF	5 min		120
	0.5% 40 µL	SC	TF	5-30 min	Epinephrine at 1:200000 increased duration up to 100 min	76
	1%
	2%
	2% 20 µL	SC	TBX, TF	< 5 min	In effective for TBX	108

Effects are based on a single dose of analgesic unless otherwise described in the comments.

Immer = immersion; TBX = tail biopsy; SNB = sciatic nerve block; Electric = electrical stimulus