Figure 4.

Effect of apolar secondary metabolites from 13 cultivars of C. morifolium on the growth of three pathogenic fungi: Fusarium oxysporum (A), Magnaporthe oryzae (B), and Verticillium dahliae (C). Cm 1–13 refer to the source of apolar secondary metabolites as listed in Table 1. Control refers to the treatment with organic solvent ethyl acetate, which served as a negative control. Data were presented as means ± standard deviations based on three replicates. * indicates significance at the statistical level (p < 0.05) compared to the control. (D) Representative growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Magnaporthe oryzae, and Verticillium dahlia treated with a control (ethyl acetate) or with an extract made from ‘Huang ju’ (Cm 8) leaves.