Table 1.

Sudanese hepatoprotective herbs.

Botanical names	Part used	Extracts used/dosage	Model(s) used	Parameters estimated	Histopathology	References
1. Acacia mellifera (Vahl)	Leaves	Ethanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, TP	Cured the tissue lesions	[21]
2. Adansonia digitata L.	Fruit's pulp	Methanol (100, 200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Minimal necrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes compared with CCl4	[22]
3. Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Wall	Bark	Ethanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Less hepatocyte vacuolation and cellular regeneration	[23]
4. Argemone Mexicana L.	Aerial parts	Methanol, aqueous (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	SGOT, SGPT, ALP	100 mg/kg methanolic extract more effective in healing liver parenchyma than other doses; 400 mg/kg aqueous extract showed a good result than the corresponding dose of methanol extract	[24]
5. Balanites aegyptiaca L.	Bark	Water, methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Both extracts decrease centrilobular degenerative changes	[25]
6. Cannabis sativa L.	Seeds	Petroleum ether (1 and 0.5 ml/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	1 ml/kg: showed scattered areas of necrosis of the hepatocytes	[26]
					0.5 ml/kg: showed slight areas of necrosis and slight fatty change
7. Capparis decidua (Forsk.)	Stems	Aqueous, methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Aqueous and methanolic extracts masked the liver fatty changes	[7, 27]
	Branches	Methanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced, paracetamol-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	—	[28]
	Roots	Ethanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Less hepatocyte vacuolation and cellular regeneration	[23]
8. Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf)	Leaves	Methanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced, paracetamol-induced.	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	—	[28]
9. Dobera glabra (Forsk.)	Leaves	Aqueous methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Diffuse centrilobuar necrotic lesions in liver cells	[29]
10. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.)	Bark	Aqueous (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	250 mg/kg: showed moderate necrosis of the hepatocytes and vacuolations	[30, 31]
					500 mg/kg: almost mild fatty changes in livers
	Bark	Ethanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Mild histopathological changes in the liver	[23]
	Bark	Methanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg).	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT	—	[32]
	Bark	Methanol (50 mg/kg)	paracetamol-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Section of methanolic extract-treated rats showing few vacuolation, reduced sinusoidal dilatation, and no congestion	[33]
11. Kigelia africana Lam.	Seeds	Aqueous (400 mg/kg), methanol (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP	Cytoplasmic fatty vacuolation, haemorrhages, and necrosis of the centrilobular hepatocytes	[34]
12. Lawsonia inermis L.	Leaves	Methanol (100 and 200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein	Showed minimal necrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes compared with CCl4	[35]
13. Lepidium sativum L.	Seeds	Methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin.	Mild-to-moderate changes in hepatocytes in both doses	[36]
14. Moringa oleifera Lam.	Leaves	Aqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Slight changes in liver cells	[37]
15. Nigella sativa L.	Seeds	Methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP	Less centrilobular vacuolation and inflammatory cell infiltration.	[38]
	Seeds	Aqueous (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein	Less hepatocyte changes	[30]
	Seeds	Methanol (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL) in vitro	Paracetamol-induced	Blood ions, ALT, AST, ALP, antioxidant enzymes, e.g., SOD, GSH, and MDA	Improvement of lesions observed in CCl4 such as necrosis, loss of hepatocytes architecture, and cellular infiltration	[39]
		Methanol (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) in vivo
16. Occimum basilicum L.	Whole plant	Ethanol (200 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Less vacuolated hepatocytes and cellular regeneration	[40]
17. Phoenix dactylifera Linn.	Pollen grain powder	Water (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP	Mild changes in hepatocytes	[41]
18. Raphanus sativus L.	Seeds	Methanol, water (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Mild-to-moderate changes in hepatocytes in both doses	[42]
19. Solanum nigrum L.	Whole plant	Water, methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Water: small vacuoles were seen in centrilobular hepatocytes. In methanol, slight changes in the fat content of hepatocytes were seen.	[43]
20. Sterculia Setigera Del.	Bark	Ethanol, ethyl acetate (200 and 400 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin	Showed no stenosis (fatty changes in hepatocytes) and perivenular fibrosis compared with the CCl4 group.	[44]
21. Tamarindus indica L.	Fruit's pulp	Ethanol (150 mg/kg)	CCl4-induced	AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin	Showed slight fatty changes	[45]