Figure 2.

(a–i) The timing of adult emergence (standardized as z-scores) for six gall-formers and three Synergus associated with three gall-formers (Aql: A. quercuslanigera; Cqb: C. quercusbatatoides and Dqv: D. quercusvirens). The values above each confidence interval indicate sample sizes per host plant. Least squared means of emergence time were displayed with 95% confidence intervals, calculated from linear mixed models with host plants and sampling years as fixed factors. All p-values from one-tailed hypothesis testing.