Micropunch-dissected VMN tissue was obtained from groups of male and estradiol – implanted ovariectomized female rats pretreated by CV4 administration of MPP, PHTPP, or vehicle prior to sc insulin (INS) injection for Western blot analysis of glycogen synthase (GS) [Panel A, male; Panel B, female] or glycogen phosphorylase-muscle type (GPmm) [Panel C, male; Panel D, female]. Data depict mean normalized protein optical density (O.D.) values ± S.E.M. for vehicle-pretreated animals injected sc with vehicle- (white bars; n=6) or INS (gray bars; n=6) or INS-injected rats pretreated with MPP (cyan bars; n=6) or PHTPP (purple gray bars; n=6). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; **p<0.001.