(A) Immunostaining analysis of the co-localization (white arrowheads) of cPLA2 and mitochondria marker Tom20 in GFAP+ astrocytes in MS tissue. GFAP+ astrocytes in lesion, NAWM near lesion (20–50 μm from lesion) and NAWM far from lesion (>500 μm) (B) Immunostaining analysis of the co-localization (white arrowheads) of cPLA2 and MAVS in MS or HC tissue GFAP+ astrocytes. (C) Quantification of cPLA2+MAVS+ co-localization signal in GFAP+ and GFAP− fields. (n = 30–54 cells per condition, unpaired T test, compared to all) HC = healthy control, WM = white matter, GM = gray matter, NAWM = normally appearing white matter, NAGM = normally appearing gray matter.