Table 2.

Effects of the 2013 FDA codeine warning on the percentage of dental procedures with a codeine prescription fill.

		Intercept: % Rx fill in Aug 2011	Immediate change in % Rx fill between Jul 2012 and Mar 2013	Slope of monthly change Aug 2011-Jul 2012	Slope of monthly change Mar 2013-Aug 2016
Procedure group	Restorative only	1.25	−0.30	−0.02	0.01
	Extraction†	6.13	−0.71 ***	−0.04	−0.01
	Difference	4.88 ***	−0.41	−0.02	−0.02
Extractions† by sex	Male	5.40	−1.01 **	0.03	−0.08
	Female	6.69	−0.43	−0.10	0.05
	Difference	1.29 *	0.58	−0.13	0.13
Extractions† by age in years	0–11	4.53	−0.55	−0.02	−0.03
	12–17	9.71	−1.06 *	−0.09	0.07
	Difference	5.17 ***	−0.51	−0.07	0.11
Extractions† by race	Black	6.00	0.07	−0.07	0.03
	White	6.06	−0.92 *	−0.02	−0.03
	Difference	0.06	−1.00	0.05	−0.06
Extractions† by rural/urban location of residence	Large central metro	5.32	−0.17	−0.12	0.08
	Large fringe metro	4.87	−0.70	−0.08	0.05
	Difference	−0.45	−0.53	0.04	−0.03
	Medium metro	8.02	−0.50	−0.03	−0.05
	Difference	2.70 **	−0.33	0.09	−0.13
	Small metro	5.69	−2.13 ***	0.09	−0.11
	Difference	0.37	−1.95 *	0.21	−0.19
	Micropolitan or Noncore	6.00	−1.08	0.01	−0.07
	Difference	0.68	−0.91	0.13	−0.15

^*=p<.05

^**=p<.01

^***=p<.001

^†with or without concurrent restorations.

All estimates were derived from segmented linear regression with autoregressive errors. The period between the FDA review and warning (August 2012-February 2013) was excluded from the analysis. A separate model was run for each of the study factors shown (procedure group, sex, age, race, location of residence).