Table 3.

Effects of the 2013 FDA codeine warning on the percentage of dental procedures with an alternate opioid prescription fill.

		Intercept: % Rx fill in Aug 2011	Immediate change in % Rx fill between Jul 2012 and Mar 2013	Slope of monthly change Aug 2011-Jul 2012	Slope of monthly change Mar 2013-Aug 2016

Procedure group	Restorative only	0.4	−0.1	0.0	0.0
	Extraction^†	11.3	−0.1	−0.1	0.1
	Difference	10.3 ^***	0.0	−0.1	0.1

Extractions^† by sex	Male	8.8	−0.4	0.0	0.0
	Female	13.9	0.3	−0.2 ^*	0.2 ^*
	Difference	5.1 ^***	0.7	−0.2	0.2

Extractions^† by age in years	0–11	0.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
	12–17	36.2	−0.8	−0.3	0.2
	Difference	36.0 ^***	−0.9	−0.3	0.2

Extractions^† by race	Black	12.5	0.3	−0.3 ^*	0.2 ^*
	White	10.0	−0.2	0.0	0.0
	Difference	−2.6 ^*	−0.5	0.3	−0.3

Extractions^† by rural/urban location of residence	Large central metro	11.4	0.4	−0.3 ^*	0.2

	Large fringe metro	11.4	−0.2	−0.1	0.0
	Difference	0.0	−0.6	0.2	−0.2

	Medium metro	12.1	−0.9	−0.1	0.1
	Difference	0.7	−1.3	0.2	−0.2

	Small metro	8.8	−0.6	0.0	0.0
	Difference	−2.6 ^*	−1.0	0.3	−0.2

	Micropolitan or Noncore	11.2	0.8	−0.1	0.0
	Difference	−0.2	0.4	0.2	−0.2

=p<.05

^**

=p<.01

^***

=p<.001

^†

with or without concurrent restorations.

All estimates were derived from segmented linear regression with autoregressive errors. The period between the FDA review and warning (August 2012-Februarv 2013) was excluded from the analysis. A separate model was run for each of the study factors shown (procedure group, sex, age, race, location of residence).