Table 1.

Selected Tests for Suspected Dietary Factors in Chronic Urticaria

Patients reporting flares 2–6 hours following ingestion of lamb, pork, or beef, especially in those with history of tick bites	IgE serum antibody test for α-gal
History of raw, marinated, or smoked fish ingestion, particularly in coastal European regions	IgE serum antibody test for Anisakis simplex
Symptoms suggestive of celiac disease	Serum antibody testing for celiac disease and referral to gastroenterologist
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency	Serum vitamin D levels

α-gal = galactose-α-1,3-galactose; IgE = immunoglobulin E.