Table 2.

Foods Reported as Nonimmunological Chronic Urticaria Triggers

Food Group	Reported Triggers (Suggest Avoidance)
Seafood	Avoid all except freshly caught and frozen fish, which is then cooked
Meat	Aged sausages/smoked meats/processed meats
Dairy	Fermented dairy (aged cheeses, yogurt, sour cream)
Vegetables	Tomatoes Spinach, eggplant, avocado Fermented vegetables such as sauerkraut and kimchi Overripe vegetables
Fruits	All fruits All fruit juices
Beverages	Alcohol Herbal tea
Other	Any fermented foods Food additives (dyes, preservatives, artificial sweeteners) Spices and herbs Chocolate Chewing gum/candy

^*Consider trial of 3-week avoidance as adjunct to antihistamine therapy in treatment-resistant patients.

^*Includes foods listed on the pseudoallergen-free diet and the low-histamine diet.