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. 2019 Dec 30;14(12):e0227091. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227091

Table 2. Risk factors for latent class phenotypes.

Healthy
n (%)
Current wheeze/asthma
n (%)
Early transient wheeze
n (%)
Mild asthma
n (%)
Moderate asthma
n (%)
Male 228 (49.7) 21 (55.3)
RR 1.1 (0.8, 1.5)
70 (61.4)
RR 1.2 (1.0, 1.5)
38 (57.6)
RR 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)
39 (52.0)
RR 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
Maternal asthma 38 (8.3) 6 (15.8)
RR 1.9 (0.9, 4.3)
14 (12.3)
1.5 (0.8, 2.8)
20 (30.3)
RR 3.7 (2.3, 5.9) c
22 (29.3)
RR 3.5 (2.2, 5.6)c
Paternal asthma 36 (7.8) 3 (7.9)
RR 1.0 (0.3, 3.0)
12 (10.5)
RR 1.4 (0.6, 3.0)
13 (19.7)
RR 2.7 (1.5, 4.8)b
16 (21.3)
RR 3.1 (1.9, 5.3)c
Mother smoking ever 187 (40.7) 16 (42.1)
RR 1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
54 (47.4)
RR 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)
28 (42.4)
RR 1.0 (0.7, 1.5)
25 (33.3)
RR 0.8 (0.6, 1.2)
Father smoking ever 159 (35.1) 13 (34.2)
RR 1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
36 (33.3)
RR 1.0 (0.7, 1.4)
25 (37.9)
RR 1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
17 (23.3)
RR 0.7 (0.4, 1.1)
Mothers education < year 12 79 (17.5) 8 (21.1)
RR 1.2 (0.6, 2.4)
16 (14.2)
RR 0.8 (0.5, 1.4)
12 (18.2)
RR 1.0 (0.6, 2.0)
9 (12.2)
RR 0.7 (0.3, 1.4)
Fathers education < year 12 130 (28.8) 13 (34.2)
RR 1.2 (0.7, 2.0)
41 (36.0)
RR 1.3 (0.9, 1.8)
18 (27.3)
RR 1.0 (0.6, 1.6)
22 (29.7)
RR 1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
Birth weight underweight <2500 g 138 (37.1) 10 (33.3)
RR 0.9 (0.5, 1.5)
24 (26.7)
RR 0.7 (0.5, 1.1)
25 (45.5)
RR 1.2 (0.9, 1.7)
20 (29.9)
RR 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)
Preterm < 37 weeks 168 (38.8) 20 (54.1)
RR 1.4 (1.0, 2.0)
46 (40.7)
RR 1.1 (0.8, 1.4)
34 (53.1)
RR 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)a
32 (42.7)
RR 1.1 (0.8, 1.5)
No older siblings 191 (41.6) 17 (44.7)
RR 1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
53 (46.5)
RR 1.1 (0.9, 1.5)
31 (47.0)
RR 1.1 (0.8, 1.6)
36 (48.0)
R 1.2 (0.9, 1.5)
Nil breast feeding 34 (7.4) 4 (10.5)
RR 1.4 (0.4, 4.5)
9 (7.9)
RR 1.1 (0.4, 2.6)
1 (1.5)
RR 0.2 (0.03, 1.4)
3 (4.0)
RR 0.5 (0.2, 1.7)
Owned a dog 0–4 yrs 58 (12.6) 1 (2.6)
RR 0.2 (0.0, 1.4)
22 (19.3)
RR 1.5 (0.9, 2.7)
8 (12.1)
RR 1.0 (0.4, 2.2)
9 (12.0)
R 1.0 (0.5, 1.8)
Age at examination
(mean ± sd)
12.64±1.42 12.45±1.41 12.30±1.42 12.26±1.52 12.43±1.58

a p <0.05,

b p< 0.001,

c p<0.0001

Proportion per latent class group and Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals compared to healthy phenotype. N = 752.