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. 2019 Dec 30;14(12):e0227091. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227091

Table 5. Respiratory function of latent class phenotypes.

Healthy
mean ± SD
Early transient wheeze
mean ± SD
Current wheeze/asthma
mean ± SD
Mild asthma
mean ± SD
Moderate asthma
mean ± SD
FENO (parts per billion) n = 705 16.04± 13.61 15.73± 14.18
β -0.31 (-3.47, 2.86)
15.76± 17.57
β -0.28 (-6.21, 5.65)
22.09± 20.77
β 6.05 (0.88, 11.22)a
27.18± 22.21
β 11.14 (5.52, 16.77)c
PreFEV1 z score
n = 576
-0.40± 0.97 -0.76± 0.91
β-0.36 (-0.61, -0.12)b
-0.67± 1.11
β -0.27 (-0.69, 0.15)
-0.72± 0.89
β -0.32 (-0.62, -0.02)a
-0.78± 1.04
β-0.38 (-0.68, -0.08)a
PreFVC z score
n = 576
-0.26± 0.99 -0.39± 0.88
β -0.13 (-0.36, 0.11)
-0.26± 0.92
β 0.01 (-0.35, 0.36)
-0.12± 0.91
β 0.15 (-0.17, 0.46)
-0.26± 0.97
β 0.01 (-0.27, 0.28)
PreFEV1FVC z score ratio
n = 576
-0.23± 1.02 -0.62± 1.10
β -0.39 (-0.69, -0.09)a
-0.70± 1.08
β -0.47 (-0.86, -0.07)a
-0.96± 1.05
β -0.72 (-1.08, -0.037)c
-0.81± 1.15
β -0.58 (-0.92, -0.24)b
PostFEV1 z score
n = 588
-0.18± 0.97 -0.46± 0.86
β -0.29 (-0.53, -0.06)a
-0.31± 0.98
β -0.14 (-0.50, 0.22)
-0.27± 0.89
β -0.10 (-0.38, 0.18)
-0.40± 1.04
β -0.23 (-0.52, 0.07)
PostFVC z score
n = 588
-0.24± 0.91 -0.36± 0.84
β -0.11 (-0.33, 0.11)
-0.29± 0.90
β -0.04 (-0.37, 0.28)
-0.18± 0.88
β 0.06 (-0.23, 0.35)
-0.28± 1.04
β -0.03 (-0.32, 0.25)
PostFEV1FVC z score ratio
n = 588
0.10± 0.97 -0.17±1.07
β -0.28 (-0.55, 0.00)a
-0.07± 1.14
β -0.17 (-0.58, 0.25)
-0.18±0.94
β -0.28 (-0.56, 0.00)a
-0.18±1.05
β -0.28 (-0.58, 0.02)
Reversibility (%)
n = 478
2.58± 5.01 4.87± 5.14
β 2.29 (0.89, 3.69)b
4.73± 5.77
β 2.14 (-0.11, 4.40)
4.09± 3.95
β 1.51 (0.16, 2.85)a
5.36± 6.78
β 2.77 (0.75, 4.80)b

a p <0.05,

b p< 0.001,

c p<0.0001,

**some missing data due to not all completing spirometry

Beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals compared to healthy phenotypes. N = 705**