Table 1. Demographic and pregnancy characteristics by pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain—Singleton births, Washington State, 2004–2013.
| Characteristic | Pre-pregnancy underweight N = 22,714 (3.1%) |
Pre-pregnancy normal BMI N = 347,555 (48.1%) |
Pre-pregnancy overweight N = 186,662 (25.8%) |
Pre-pregnancy obese N = 165,908 (23.0%) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal weight gain | Low weight gain | Excess weight gain | Optimal weight gain | Low weight gain | Excess weight gain | Optimal weight gain | Low weight gain | Excess weight gain | Optimal weight gain | Low weight gain | Excess weight gain | |
| Total population (percent of BMI category) | 10,237 (45.1) |
6,510 (28.7) |
5,967 (26.3) |
132,572 (38.1) |
73,290 (21.1) |
141,693 (40.8) |
45,746 (24.5) |
26,284 (14.1) |
114,632 (61.4) |
39,160 (23.6) |
37,425 (22.6) |
89,323 (53.8) |
| Maternal age, years | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 1,280 (12.5) |
810 (12.4) |
1,051 (17.6) |
9,428 (7.1) |
6,795 (9.3) |
13,949 (9.8) |
2,701 (5.9) |
1,929 (7.3) |
8,205 (7.2) |
1,551 (4.0) |
1,604 (4.3) |
5,392 (6.0) |
| 20–24 | 2,844 (27.8) |
1,786 (27.4) |
1,786 (33.7) |
25,838 (19.5) |
16,542 (22.6) |
33,370 (23.5) |
9,551 (20.9) |
5,907 (22.5) |
26,105 (22.8) |
8,490 (21.7) |
8,470 (22.6) |
22,052 (24.7) |
| 25–29 | 2,824 (27.6) |
1,719 (26.4) |
1,511 (25.3) |
37,758 (28.5) |
19,567 (26.7) |
40,760 (28.8) |
13,147 (28.74) |
7,369 (28.0) |
34,215 (29.8) |
12,214 (31.2) |
11,411 (30.5) |
27,442 (30.7) |
| 30–34 | 2,193 (21.4) |
1,386 (21.3) |
964 (16.2) |
37,232 (28.1) |
18,220 (24.9) |
34,510 (24.4) |
11,905 (26.0) |
6,383 (24.3) |
29,155 (25.4) |
10,133 (25.9) |
9,530 (25.5) |
21,625 (24.21) |
| 35–39 | 923 (9.0) |
642 (9.9) |
375 (6.3) |
18,285 (13.8) |
9,761 (13.3) |
15,851 (11.2) |
6,707 (14.7) |
3,650 (13.9) |
13,830 (12.1) |
5,384 (13.7) |
5,056 (13.51) |
10,374 (11.6) |
| ≥40 | 173 (1.7) |
167 (2.57) |
58 (1.0) |
4,031 (3.0) |
2,405 (3.3) |
3,253 (2.3) |
1,735 (3.8) |
1,046 (4.0) |
3,122 (2.7) |
1,388 (3.5) |
1,354 (3.6) |
2,438 (2.7) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 6,657 (65.03) |
3,774 (58.0) |
4,351 (72.9) |
97,334 (73.4) |
46,579 (63.5) |
111,825 (78.9) |
30,095 (65.8) |
15,653 (59.5) |
88,435 (77.1) |
27,968 (71.4) |
26,212 (70.0) |
68,472 (76.7) |
| African American | 305 (3.0) |
291 (4.5) |
207 (3.5) |
3,303 (2.5) |
3,021 (4.1) |
3,778 (2.7) |
1,959 (4.3) |
1,647 (6.3) |
3,849 (3.4) |
1,969 (5.0) |
2,427 (6.5) |
3,755 (4.2) |
| Native American | 106 (1.0) |
74 (1.1) |
106 (1.8) |
1,460 (1.1) |
1,040 (1.4) |
2,270 (1.6) |
922 (2.0) |
604 (2.3) |
2,474 (2.2) |
1,206 (3.1) |
1,289 (3.4) |
2,748 (3.1) |
| Hispanic | 733 (7.2) |
661 (10.1) |
406 (6.8) |
11,759 (8.9) |
10,543 (14.4) |
9,860 (7.0) |
8,299 (18.1) |
5,288 (20.1) |
12,176 (10.6) |
5,857 (15.0) |
5,377 (14.4) |
9,712 (10.9) |
| Other | 2,405 (23.5) |
1,693 (26.0) |
864 (14.5) |
18,423 (13.9) |
11,937 (16.3) |
13,639 (9.6) |
4,368 (9.5) |
2,990 (11.4) |
7,438 (6.5) |
2,077 (5.3) |
2,018 (5.4) |
4,471 (5.0) |
| Maternal education less than high school | 220 (2.1) |
215 (3.3) |
140 (2.3) |
3,256 (2.46) |
3,543 (4.8) |
2,571 (1.8) |
2,924 (6.4) |
1,899 (7.2) |
3,534 (3.1) |
1,968 (5.0) |
1,583 (4.2) |
2,744 (3.1) |
| Smoking | 1,293 (12.6) |
759 (11.7) |
1,164 (19.5) |
9,187 (6.9) |
6,486 (8.8) |
14,780 (10.4) |
4,046 (8.8) |
2,941 (11.2) |
11,132 (9.7) |
4,364 (11.1) |
5,011 (13.4) |
10,794 (12.1) |
| Married or cohabitating | 6,776 (66.2) |
4,271 (65.6) |
3,119 (52.3) |
98,379 (74.2) |
48,806 (66.6) |
95,464 (67.4) |
30,618 (66.9) |
16,327 (62.1) |
76,480 (66.7) |
25,238 (64.45) |
23,331 (62.3) |
55,209 (61.8) |
| Insurance | ||||||||||||
| Medicaid | 4,148 (40.5) |
2,928 (45.0) |
2,983 (50.0) |
41,078 (31.0) |
32,015 (43.7) |
47,936 (33.8) |
21,224 (46.4) |
14,078 (53.6) |
42,874 (37.4) |
19,074 (48.7) |
18,947 (50.6) |
39,406 (44.1) |
| Private | 5,269 (51.5) |
3,061 (47.0) |
2,445 (41.0) |
82,752 (62.4) |
36,124 (49.3) |
83,198 (58.7) |
21,420 (46.8) |
10,363 (39.4) |
63,299 (55.2) |
17,170 (43.8) |
15,490 (41.4) |
43,123 (48.3) |
| Self-pay | 114 (1.1) |
88 (1.3) |
75 (1.3) |
1,348 (1.0) |
863 (1.2) |
1,410 (1.0) |
387 (0.8) |
261 (1.0) |
980 (0.8) |
284 (0.7) |
303 (0.8) |
597 (0.7) |
| Othera | 647 (6.3) |
402 (6.2) |
445 (7.5) |
6,750 (5.1) |
3,957 (5.4) |
8,447 (6.0) |
2,532 (5.5) |
1,400 (5.3) |
6,966 (6.1) |
2,497 (6.4) |
2,440 (6.52) |
5,867 (6.6) |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| Nulliparous | 5,324 (52.0) |
3,060 (47.0) |
3,457 (57.9) |
57,911 (43.7) |
28,477 (38.9) |
73,305 (51.7) |
13,604 (29.7) |
8,165 (31.1) |
50,022 (43.6) |
10,680 (27.3) |
10,032 (26.8) |
35,644 (39.9) |
| 1–3 prior births | 4,687 (45.8) |
3,247 (49.9) |
2,308 (38.7) |
70,039 (52.8) |
41,276 (56.3) |
63,809 (45.0) |
28,911 (63.2) |
15,900 (60.5) |
59,369 (51.8) |
25,116 (64.1) |
23,745 (63.5) |
48,357 (54.1) |
| ≥4 prior births | 174 (1.7) |
170 (2.6) |
142 (2.4) |
3,884 (2.9) |
3,106 (4.2) |
3,701 (2.6) |
3,005 (6.6) |
2,025 (7.7) |
4,571 (4.0) |
3,148 (8.0) |
3,376 (9.0) |
4,783 (5.3) |
| Assisted conception | 57 (0.6) |
49 (0.7) |
36 (0.6) |
1,451 (1.1) |
621 (0.9) |
1,412 (1.0) |
390 (0.8) |
169 (0.64) |
1,110 (1.0) |
371 (0.9) |
318 (0.9) |
838 (0.9) |
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus | 15 (0.2) |
10 (0.1) |
15 (0.3) |
364 (0.3) |
277 (0.4) |
587 (0.4) |
355 (0.8) |
238 (0.9) |
885 (0.8) |
765 (1.9) |
816 (2.2) |
1,750 (2.0) |
| Pre-pregnancy hypertension | 19 (0.2) |
23 (0.3) |
21 (0.3) |
529 (0.4) |
323 (0.4) |
761 (0.5) |
419 (0.9) |
214 (0.8) |
1,342 (1.2) |
1,276 (3.3) |
1,241 (3.3) |
2,876 (3.2) |
| Male fetal sex | 5,231 (51.1) |
3,150 (48.4) |
3,142 (52.7) |
67,192 (50.7) |
35,923 (49.0) |
75,215 (53.1) |
22,846 (49.9) |
13,031 (49.6) |
59,853 (52.2) |
19,810 (50.6) |
18,453 (49.3) |
46,758 (52.4) |
| Congenital anomaliesb | 634 (6.2) |
422 (6.5) |
327 (5.5) |
7,411 (5.6) |
4,433 (6.0) |
7,930 (5.6) |
2,723 (5.9) |
1,715 (6.5) |
6,541 (5.7) |
2,444 (6.2) |
2,391 (6.4) |
5,466 (6.1) |
Data given as N (%). Underweight defined as BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight as BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, overweight as BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, and obese class I–III as BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2.
aIncludes other government insurance, student insurance, Indian Health Service, and other programs.
bIncludes the following conditions observed within first 24 hours after birth: anencephaly, meningomyelocele or spina bifida, cyanotic congenital heart disease, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, limb reduction, cleft lip, cleft palate, Down syndrome, chromosomal disorders, and hypospadias.