Table 3. Logistic regression—LRTI ever vs maternal psychosocial risk factors.
| Maternal psychosocial risk factor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI), p-value | Adjusteda OR (95% CI), p-value | Adjustedb OR (95% CI), p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 994; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 1.13 (0.83; 1.53), 0.451 | 1.06 (0.77; 1.46), 0.716 | 0.86 (0.58; 1.28), 0.456 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 627; n adjusted 2 = 355) | 0.91 (0.59; 1.41), 0.681 | 0.77 (0.47; 1.26), 0.298 | 1.18 (0.61; 2.27), 0.624 |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 579; n adjusted 2 = 325) | 1.05 (0.67; 1.65), 0.832 | 1.17 (0.70; 1.94), 0.554 | 1.21 (0.63; 2.31), 0.569 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 653; n adjusted 2 = 366) | 1.32 (0.88; 1.98), 0.183 | 1.54 (0.98; 2.43), 0.064 | 2.06 (1.08; 3.96), 0.029 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.21 (0.82; 1.77), 0.332 | 1.12 (0.75; 1.68), 0.566 | 1.05 (0.66; 1.67), 0.840 |
| Psychological distress | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 991; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 1.18 (0.86; 1.64), 0.306 | 1.19 (0.85; 1.66), 0.312 | 1.44 (0.95; 2.17), 0.085 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 628; n adjusted 2 = 355) | 1.03 (0.61; 1.76), 0.906 | 1.14 (0.63; 2.05), 0.670 | 2.25 (0.96; 5.27), 0.063 |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 578; n adjusted 2 = 325) | 1.20 (0.70; 2.07), 0.510 | 1.18 (0.62; 2.23), 0.618 | 0.93 (0.37; 2.35), 0.872 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 684; n adjusted 2 = 384) | 1.18 (0.72; 1.95), 0.511 | 1.16 (0.66; 2.05), 0.603 | 1.21 (0.56; 2.66), 0.627 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.38 (0.87; 2.18), 0.172 | 1.52 (0.94; 2.47), 0.090 | 1.46 (0.81; 2.63), 0.212 |
| IPV3 | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 994; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 1.06 (0.80; 1.40), 0.689 | 1.05 (0.79; 1.41), 0.721 | 1.00 (0.69; 1.45), 0.997 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 675; n adjusted 2 = 381) | 1.42 (1.02; 1.98), 0.038 | 1.50 (1.03; 2.18), 0.032 | 1.46 (0.88; 2.43), 0.147 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.35 (0.91; 2.01), 0.130 | 1.40 (0.92; 2.12), 0.113 | 1.39 (0.85; 2.29), 0.193 |
| Alcohol exposure | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 993; n adjusted 2 = 650) | 1.53 (0.84; 2.81), 0.168 | 1.61 (0.86; 3.02), 0.139 | 1.36 (0.61; 3.03), 0.449 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 625; n adjusted 2 = 354) | 1.31 (0.59; 2.91), 0.506 | 0.65 (0.26; 1.63), 0.362 | 0.85 (0.23; 3.05), 0.797 |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 571; n adjusted 2 = 323) | 0.81 (0.39; 1.68), 0.577 | 0.86 (0.40; 1.83), 0.691 | 1.14 (0.40; 3.20), 0.806 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 583; n adjusted 2 = 332) | 1.48 (0.88; 2.51), 0.142 | 1.15 (0.64; 2.08), 0.640 | 1.54 (0.65; 3.67), 0.327 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.74 (0.78; 3.87), 0.175 | 1.88 (0.83; 4.29), 0.132 | 1.61 (0.61; 4.26), 0.339 |
IPV, Intimate partner violence
a Adjusted based on directed acyclic graph (DAG)–adjusted for antenatal maternal psychosocial risk factor (in postnatal models); sex; recruitment site; HIV exposure; maternal education achievement; SES quartile
b Adjusted based on DAG with additional variables–adjusted for antenatal maternal psychosocial risk factor (in postnatal models); sex; recruitment site; HIV exposure; maternal education achievement; SES quartile; maternal urine cotinine (smoke exposure); PM10; weight for age z-score at birth; duration of breastfeeding; season of birth