Table 5. Logistic regression—Severe/hospitalized LRTI vs maternal psychosocial risk factors.
| Maternal psychosocial risk factor | Unadjusted OR (95% CI), p-value | Adjusteda OR (95% CI), p-value | Adjustedb OR (95% CI), p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 994; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 1.27 (0.84; 1.92), 0.248 | 1.24 (0.82; 1.89), 0.311 | 0.99 (0.57; 1.72), 0.964 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 627; n adjusted 2 = 355) | 1.27 (0.74; 2.20), 0.386 | 1.12 (0.60; 2.10), 0.712 | 2.24 (1.02; 4.93), 0.045 |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 579; n adjusted 2 = 325) | 1.05 (0.57; 1.94), 0.882 | 1.16 (0.59; 2.28), 0.675 | 1.46 (0.64; 3.33), 0.367 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 653; n adjusted 2 = 366) | 1.36 (0.80; 2.30), 0.253 | 1.58 (0.88; 2.83), 0.129 | 1.62 (0.74; 3.54), 0.229 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.20 (0.72; 2.00), 0.481 | 1.23 (0.73; 2.08), 0.442 | 1.17 (0.62; 2.22), 0.631 |
| Psychological distress | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 991; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 1.29 (0.84; 1.99), 0.245 | 1.35 (0.87; 2.09), 0.184 | 1.43 (0.81; 2.51), 0.215 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 628; n adjusted 2 = 355) | 1.72 (0.92; 3.24), 0.091 | 2.00 (0.99; 4.05), 0.055 | 4.38 (1.66; 11.61), 0.003* |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 578; n adjusted 2 = 325) | 1.40 (0.70; 2.81), 0.342 | 1.75 (0.76; 4.00), 0.186 | 2.43 (0.79; 7.47), 0.121 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 684; n adjusted 2 = 384) | 1.35 (0.71; 2.55), 0.360 | 1.41 (0.67; 2.97), 0.361 | 2.27 (0.88; 5.91), 0.092 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 2.04 (1.18; 3.50), 0.010* | 2.60 (1.45; 4.65), 0.001* | 3.03 (1.48; 6.21), 0.003* |
| IPV3 | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 994; n adjusted 2 = 651) | 0.97 (0.66; 1.43), 0.892 | 1.02 (0.69; 1.52), 0.925 | 1.08 (0.64; 1.82), 0.771 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 675; n adjusted 2 = 381) | 1.70 (1.11; 2.61), 0.015 | 2.02 (1.25; 3.28), 0.004* | 1.93 (1.00; 3.70), 0.049 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 1.17 (0.69; 1.99), 0.562 | 1.33 (0.76; 2.33), 0.316 | 1.46 (0.74; 2.83), 0.283 |
| Alcohol exposure | |||
| Antenatal (n adjusted 1 = 993; n adjusted 2 = 650) | 1.92 (0.93; 3.97), 0.080 | 2.21 (1.04; 4.70), 0.040 | 2.93 (1.18; 7.23), 0.020 |
| Postnatal– 10 weeks (n adjusted 1 = 625; n adjusted 2 = 354) | 0.79 (0.23; 2.67), 0.703 | 0.52 (0.14; 1.96), 0.332 | 0.69 (0.13; 3.75), 0.665 |
| Postnatal– 6 months (n adjusted 1 = 571; n adjusted 2 = 323) | 0.97 (0.37; 2.56), 0.949 | 1.07 (0.38; 2.97), 0.899 | 1.26 (0.34; 4.63), 0.733 |
| Postnatal– 12 months (n adjusted 1 = 583; n adjusted 2 = 332) | 0.82 (0.38; 1.79), 0.627 | 0.51 (0.20; 1.29), 0.157 | 0.73 (0.23; 2.35), 0.599 |
| Long-term exposure (n adjusted 1 = 1140; n adjusted 2 = 705) | 2.10 (0.83; 5.35), 0.119 | 2.32 (0.89; 6.05), 0.086 | 3.74 (1.27; 11.03), 0.017 |
IPV, Intimate partner violence
a Adjusted based on directed acyclic graph (DAG)–adjusted for antenatal maternal psychosocial risk factor (in postnatal models); sex; recruitment site; HIV exposure; maternal education achievement; SES quartile
b Adjusted based on DAG with additional variables–adjusted for antenatal maternal psychosocial risk factor (in postnatal models); sex; recruitment site; HIV exposure; maternal education achievement; SES quartile; maternal urine cotinine (smoke exposure); PM10; weight for age z-score at birth; duration of breastfeeding; season of birth
*Still significant if 1% significance level considered