Table 2. Study characteristics for included studies.
| Fatigability | Gait | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | N–older adults | Protocol | Outcomes | Gait Conditions | Gait Outcomes | Fatigue-related changes (effect sizes) |
| Helbostad et al. [47] | 22—Fatigue Group (FG) 22—Control Group (CG) | Sit-to-stand | ↓ time and vertical displacement of movement the sit-to-stand | Overground level walking (LW) | AP, ML and V. Trunk acc. and inter-stride trunk acc var;. SL, SW, and Sp; SL-var and SW-var. | FG vs. CG: ↑ SW (ES: 1.51), ML trunk acc (ES: 1.27), SL Var (ES: 2.61) and ↓ V. (ES: 2.06) and AP (ES: 0.80) inter-stride Trunk acc var |
| Granacher et al. [27] | 14 | Isokinetic ankle extension | ↓ in ~50% of maximal torque | Perturbation (decelerating) on treadmill walking | Functional reflex activity (FRA) and latency of m. Tibialis Anterior (TA), Latency in TA, EMG activity of the m. Peroneus, Soleus and Vastus Medialis, Coactivity and maximal angular velocity. | ↓ FRA in TA (ES: 0.56), ↑ coactivity (ES: 0.58) and maximal angular velocity (ES: 0.64). |
| Granacher et al. [44] | 16 | Isokinetic knee extension | ↓ in ~50% of maximal torque | LW in single-(ST) and dual-task (DT) | SdL, Gait Sp, DT cost in SdL and gait Sp and the Standard deviation of the SdL in ST and DT conditions | DT: ↑ Gait Sp (ES: 0.55); SdL (ES: 0.45) and ↓ SD of SdL (ES: 095). |
| Hatton et al. [26] | 30 | Sit-to-stand | ↓ in 9.5% of the peak of force on knee extension | Obstructed walking (OW) with a secondary visual task | Std, Sp of obstacle crossing, Trail and lead limb vertical and horizontal distance to the obstacle, and V. loading rate. | ↑ V loading rate of the lead limb (ES: 0.27). |
| Barbieri et al. [25] | 20 –(60–70 years—G60) 20 –(over 70 years—G70) | Sit-to-stand | ↓ in ~13% of the peak of force ↑ RPE | LW and OW | SdL, SdD, Sp, and SW (LW and OW). SL, Sd, Sp, Trail (T) and Lead (L) vertical distance to the obstacle (VO). | LW and OW: ↑ SdL / SL (ES: 0.35 / 0.04), SW (ES: 0.36 / 0.19), Sp (ES: 0.65 and 0.31), ↓ SdD/Sd (ES: 0.43 and 0.45). OW: ↑ TVO (ES: 0.1) |
| Nagano et al. [23] | 11 | Endurance (treadmill walking) | ↑ ~35% in heart rate | Treadmill walking | SL (normalized by limb length), DsT (%) and SW and Minimum Foot Clearance | ↑ SL (ES: 0.63), DsT (ES: 0.12), Var SW (ES: n/p) ↓ Minimum Foot Clearance (ES: 0.7) |
| Toebes et al. [45] | 10 | Unilateral squat exercise until task failure. | ↓ 17.3% Knee extension strength | Unperturbed and perturbed (push the trunk) treadmill walking | 3-D LyE of the trunk, trunk vel, and var of trunk vel, time to return to unperturbed gait pattern on stance and swing phase. Deviation of trunk kinematic after perturbation. | ↓ Time to return to the unperturbed gait pattern on swing phase (ES: 0.67) and deviation after perturbation (ES: 1.8) |
| Arvir et al. [46] | 17 | Unilateral hip abductor | ↓ Hip position sense and ↑ RPE | Treadmill walking | SdD means and standard deviations; ML trunk vel; Harmonic Ratio (HR) of ML and AP; Local Divergent Exponents of ML and AP, acceleration and position. | ↑ SdD Var (n/p) and ↓ HR of ML (ES: 0.49). |
| Hamacher et al. [43] | 18 | Endurance (cycle ergometer) | ↑ RPE | Treadmill walking | Local dynamic Stability (LDS) of the walking (LyE) of 3D trunk linear acc. | ↓ LDS (ES: 0.73) |
| Morrison et al. [21] | 15 –(60–70 years—G60) 15 –(over 70 years—G70) | Endurance (incremental incline treadmill walking) | ↑ RPE; ↓ Strength G70: ↓ Reaction time. | LW | Gait SP, SdL, SdD, and CAD. | G70: ↑ Gait SP, SdL, SdD and CAD |
| Behrens et al. [32] | 16 | Mental demanding (90min) vs. and control task. | ↓ 10% Motivation; ↑ 100% Fatigue state | LW in ST and DT | Mean and Coeficicient of variation (CoV) of Gait Sp, SdL, StT, DsT and SwT in ST and DT condition | ↑ CoV of Sp (ES: 0.66), SdL (ES: 0.67), StT (ES: 0.59), DsT (ES: 0.59) and SwT (ES: 0.41) |
SL: Step Length; SdL: Stride Length; SW: Step Width; SdW: Stride Width; SD: Step Duration; SdD: Stride duration Sp: Speed; StT: Stance Time; SwT: Swing Time; DsT: Double support Time; CAD: Cadence; LW: Overground level walking; OW: Obstacle walking; acc: acceleration; vel: velocity, RPE: Rating of Perceived Exertion; var: Variability; CoV: Coefficient of variation; ML: Medial-lateral; AP: Anteroposterior; V.: Vertical, FRA: Functional Reflex Activity; DT: Dual-Task; ST: Single-Task; RW: Regular Walking; OW: Obstacle walking; LDS: Local Dynamic Stability.