Table 3.

Characteristics of included studies

Study	Title	Country	Study setting (eg, PHC)	Study design	Type of participants /subject/ study population
Balcazar et al, 201147	Salud para su corazon (health for your heart) community health worker model: community and clinical approaches for addressing cardiovascular disease risk reduction in hispanics/latinos	US-Mexico border	Community and clinical based	Two groups pre–post test	Hispanic communities
Balcázar et al, 201248	An ecological model using promotores de salud to prevent cardiovascular disease on the US-Mexico border: the HEART project	US-Mexico border, Texas	Community-based participatory research, HEART project, ecological approach	Cohort type pre–post design	Hispanic adults aged 18 years or older who resided in the 2 selected zip codes, were not planning to move from the area in the next 10 months, and were able to participate in the physical activities of MiCMiC were eligible
Balcázar et al, 200948	A randomized community intervention to improve hypertension control among Mexican Americans: using the promotoras de salud community outreach model	US-Mexico border: Texas	Community-based participatory research	Randomised community intervention	Hispanic communities
Balcázar et al, 201029	A promotores de salud intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in a high-risk Hispanic border population, 2005–2008	US-Mexico border, Texas	Community-based participatory research	Randomised community trial	Hispanic community
Barnes-Boyd et al, 200150	Promoting infant health through home visiting by a nurse-managed community worker team	Chicago, USA	Community and clinical based	Non-randomised	African-American women/mothers to be
Braschi et al, 201430	New York, USA	Primare care centre	Randomised clinical trial	Vulnerable population: Latino Americans
Cruz et al, 201349	The effectiveness of a community health program in improving diabetes knowledge in the Hispanic population: Salud y Bienestar (Health and Wellness)	California, Texas, Washington DC, USA	Community setting	Quasi experimental, one group pre-test and post-test design	Hispanic population
DeGroff et al, 201731	Patient navigation for colonoscopy completion: results of an RCT	Boston, USA	Medical centre	Randomised control trial	Low-income, adults, primarily Hispanic and non-Hispanic blacks
Denman et al, 201452	Evaluation of the community-based chronic disease prevention program Meta Salud in Northern Mexico, 2011–2012	Sonora, Mexico	Community health centre	Non-randomised, quasi experimental, pre-test, post-test study	Low-income resident of urban area. Majority with Mexican heritage
Goelen et al, 201032	A community peer-volunteer telephone reminder call to increase breast cancer-screening attendance	Belgium	Semirural community	Individual level randomised trial	Female, 50–59 years old, living in semi-rural part of Belgium, who had not attended the screening
Hoffman et al, 201233	Patient navigation significantly reduces delays in breast cancer diagnosis in the District of Columbia	District of Columbia, USA	Women were examined from 2006 to 2009 at 9 hospitals/clinics at DC	Randomised, network navigation	Low-income Women, mainly Latinas, African-Americans
Honeycutt et al, 201363	Evaluation of a patient navigation program to promote colorectal cancer screening in rural Georgia, USA	Rural Georgia, USA	13 Community health centre, of which 4 clinics had community cancer screening programme available comprise the intervention group	Quasi experimental/programme or performance evaluation between intervention and comparison community health clinics	Uninsured and underinsured low-income population
Horne et al, 201534	Effect of patient navigation on colorectal cancer screening in a community-based randomized controlled trial of urban African American adults	Baltimore city, USA	Clinical settings and community-based avenues such as senior centres in urban areas	Community-based randomised control trial	Older African-American adults, aged 65 and older
Hunter et al, 200435	The impact of a promotora on increasing routine chronic disease prevention among women aged 40 and older at the U.S.-Mexico border	Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, USA	Participants were randomly selected from the communities	Randomised controlled interventions	Uninsured Hispanic women aged 40 years and older
Jandorf et al, 201336	Culturally targeted patient navigation for increasing African Americans’ adherence to screening colonoscopy: a randomized clinical trial	USA	Primary care clinic	Randomised clinical trial	African-American, aged 50 years and above
Jandorf et al, 201337	Implementation of culturally targeted patient navigation system for screening colonoscopy in a direct referral system	NY, USA	Urban primary care clinic	Randomised into peer-patient navigation (PN) group and pro-PN group.	African-American patients
Kegler and Malcoe, 200453	Results from a lay health advisor intervention to prevent lead poisoning among rural Native American children	Ottawa County, Oklahoma, USA	Community based	Intervention focus on entire native community	Entire native community members
Kiefferet al, 201338	Effectof the healthy mothers on the move (MOMs) lifestyle intervention on reducing depressive symptoms among pregnant Latinas	Southwest Detroit	Healthy MOMs was conducted in several community partner organisation settings	Community-based randomised control trial	A pregnant Latina was eligible to participate in this study
Koniak-Griffin et al 201539	A community health worker-led lifestyle ehaviour intervention for Latina (Hispanic) women: feasibility and outcomes of a randomized controlled trial	LA, USA	Community based	Randomised controlled trial	Self-identified Latinas, 35–64 years of age, Spanish and/or English speaking and over weight (BMI≥25)
Krantz et al, 201762	Reduction in cardiovascular risk among Latino participants in a community-based intervention linked with clinical care	Denver, USA	Primary care setting	Convenience sampling, before and after design	Self-identified Latinos, 45 years and above
Larkey et al, 201740	A cancer screening intervention for underserved Latina women by lay educators	Phoenix, Arizona	Community based	Group randomised trial	Underserved Latinas, self-identifying as Hispanic/Latina
Marshall et al, 201641	Effect of patient navigation on breast cancer screening among African American Medicare beneficiaries: a randomized controlled trial	Baltimore city, USA	Community based and clinical setting	Randomised control trial	African-American older adult women
Mojica et al, 201654	Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer education and navigation: results of a community health worker intervention	San Antonia, Texas, USA	Community based	A single-arm, non-randomised, pre–post design	Eligible participants were Latino women (1) aged 40–74 years who had never had a mammogram or not had one in the last 2 years, (2) aged 18–65 years who had never had a Pap test or not had one in the last 3 years or (3) aged 50–75 years who had never had a stool blood test or not had one in the last 2 years
Molina et al, 201845	Patient navigation improves subsequent breast cancer screening after a noncancerous result: evidence from the patient navigation in medically underserved areas study	Chicago, Illinois, USA	Clinical setting	Randomised controlled trial	Women aged 50–74 years residing in medically underserved areas
Parra-Medina et al, 201555	Promotora outreach, education and navigation support for HPV vaccination to Hispanic women with unvaccinated daughters	South Texas, USA	Participants were selected from community events, health fairs and also approached women one-on-one within their community resource centres and surrounding colonies	Community based: non-randomised	Women of self-reported Hispanic ethnicity with a daughter, aged 11–17 years, who has not received the HPV vaccine and reside in Cameron or Hidalgo counties
Percac-Lima et al, 201642	Patient navigation for comprehensive cancer screening in high-risk patients using a population-based health information technology system: a randomized clinical trial	Massachusetts, USA	Primary care practices	Randomised clinical trial	Low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations
Percac-Lima et al, 201356	The impact of a culturally tailored patient navigator program on cervical cancer prevention in Latina women	Chelsea, Massachusetts, USA	The study was conducted at the MGH (Massachusetts General Hospital) Colposcopy Clinic and the MGH Chelsea HealthCare Centre (MGH Chelsea), an urban community health centre in Massachusetts	Non-randomised	Women were eligible for the study if they self-identified as Latina, had an abnormal Pap smear requiring colposcopy evaluation between 1 January 2004 and 15 April 2011
Percac-Lima et al, 201457	The longitudinal impact of patient navigation on equity in colorectal cancer screening in a large primary care network	USA	Community health centre	Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rate was compared between community health centre with patient navigation and CHC without patient navigation	Low-income, predominantly Latinos and immigrants
Simmons et al, 200843	Development and piloting of a community health worker-based intervention for the prevention of diabetes among New Zealand Maori in Te Wai o Rona: diabetes prevention strategy	New Zealand	Community based	Randomised cluster-control trial, sample were clustered according to small census area	Non-pregnant Maori community members, Those unfit to sign a consent form, with terminal disease or not permanently residing in the study area at the time of the baseline data collection were excluded
Staten et al, 201258	Effectiveness of the Pasos Adelante chronic disease prevention and control program in a US-Mexico border community, 2005–2008	USA: US-Mexico border	Community based	Non-randomised	Participants were primarily Hispanic women who were born in Mexico, preferred speaking Spanish, were married and were not educated beyond high school
Treadwell et al, 201059	Addressing obesity and diabetes among African American men: examination of a community-based model of prevention	Lorain County, Ohio, USA	Community based	Non-randomised	African-American men
Wagoner et al, 201564	Latino men’s qualitative perspectives on a lay health advisor (LHA) intervention to promote their sexual health	North Carolina, USA	Community-based participatory research	Qualitative study to understand the effectiveness of LHA intervention designed to reduce the risk of HIV infection	Latino men who served as LHAs and their social networks in North Carolina, USA
Wells et al, 201260	Creating a patient navigation model to address cervical cancer disparities in a rural Hispanic farmworker community	Florida, USA	Rural community setting	Non-randomised	Hispanic farmworkers
Wilson et al, 201561	Cost-effectiveness analysis of a colonoscopy screening navigator program designed for Hispanic men	Texas, USA	Community setting	Non-randomised	Hispanic males 50 and older who were members of Care Link (Bexar County’s financial assistance programme) and who had not received colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the last 10 years
Woodruff et al, 201044	Recruitment, training outcomes, retention, and performance of community health advisors in two tobacco control interventions for Latinos	San Diego	Community setting	Randomised trials	Latino community

PHC, primary health care.