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. 2019 Dec 30;9:20271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56854-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of valproic acid (VPA) and hydralazine on CpG island methylation of Cdkn2a in mammary tumors. Percentile of CpG island methylation in (a) 5′-upstream promoter region, (b) 5′-UTR, (c) Exon-1, (d) Intron-1, and (e) Intron-2 of Cdkn2a gene in control and high fat (HF) offspring, with or without VPA/hydralazine treatment. Treatment with VPA/hydralazine increased methylation in HF offspring in intron-1 (p for treatment = 0.058) and intron-2 (p for treatment = 0.013). Means and SEM of 4 malignant adenocarcinomas per group are shown. P-values in figure indicate differences by Holm-Sidak post-hoc test.