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. 2019 Dec 30;9:20271. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56854-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of valproic acid (VPA) and hydralazine on markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in mammary tumors. Compared with control offspring, in utero HF exposed offspring exhibited increased protein levels of (a) HIF-1α, (b) PERK, (c) NFκB, d) SQSTM1/P62. Treatment with VPA/hydralazine increased the levels in control group, but not in HF offspring, of (a) HIF-1α (p = 0.001 for interaction), (b) PERK (p = 0.01 for treatment), (c) NFκB (p = 0.011 for interaction), (d) SQSTM1/P62 (p = 0.005 for treatment, and p = 0.003 for interaction). P-values obtained in Holm-Sidak post-hoc test are shown in figure. Means and SEM of 4–7 tumors per group are shown.