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. 2019 Dec 30;9:20338. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56692-5

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Device footprint as a function of (a) energy per bit and (b) operating speed for state-of-the-art silicon optical modulators. HUDS-based modulator (red star) and photonic crystal-based modulator (black circle) designs share with photonic crystal modulators the same orders of magnitude improvement in compactness and energy efficiency as compared to modulators based on MRRs and MZIs.