Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Variable | Control | HCM | HCM | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HNCM | HOCM | Control:HCM | HNCM:HOCM | |||
| N | 53 | 64 | 33 | 31 | ||
| Age (years) | 53.5 ± 13.7 | 52.6 ± 16.3 | 49.2 ± 15.4 | 56.4 ± 16.7 | 0.748 | 0.077 |
| Male N (%) | 35 (66.0) | 41 (64.1) | 25 (75.8) | 16 (51.6) | 0.848 | 0.068 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 (24.4–30.4) | 26.6 (24.1–30.7) | 27.3 (24.5–30.0) | NA | 0.619 | |
| Echocardiogram | ||||||
| IVS (mm) | 18.0 (16.0–22.0) | 17.0 (14.3–22.0) | 19.0 (16.0–21.0) | NA | 0.205 | |
| LVEDD (mm) | 43. (40.0–48.0) | 43.5 (41.0–48.8) | 42.0 (38.0–47–0) | NA | 0.107 | |
| Aortic root (mm) | 32.0 (28.0–35.0) | 32.0 (27.3–35.0) | 32.0 (28.8–35.3) | NA | 0.702 | |
| LVPWD (mm) | 12.0 (10.0–13.0) | 11.0 (9.3–12.0) | 12.0 (11.0–15.0) | NA | 0.053 | |
| LVOT gradient (mmHg) | 75.5 (12.9–115.5) | 9.5 85.5–17.3) | 98.5 (74.5–133.3) | NA | <0.001* | |
| Mitral regurgitation N (%) | NA | 0.002* | ||||
| minor | 44 (68.8) | 29 (87.9) | 15 (48.4) | |||
| medium | 12 (18.8) | 3 (9.1) | 9 (29.0) | |||
| major | 5 (7.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (16.1) | |||
| missing | 3 (4.7) | 1 (3.0) | 2 (6.5) | |||
| LA size (mm) | 42. (37.5–50.5) | 40.0 (36.0–49.0) | 44.0 (39.8–51.3) | NA | 0.177 | |
| Clinical symptoms | ||||||
| Syncope N (%) | 9 (14.1) | 2 (9.1) | 6 (19.4) | NA | 0.302 | |
| Positive family history for SCD N (%) | 18 (28.1) | 11 (33.3) | 7 (22.6) | NA | 0.408 | |
| Dyspnoea N (%) | 34 (53.1) | 15 (45.5) | 19 (61.3) | NA | 0.315 | |
| NYHA N (%) | NA | 0.088 | ||||
| 0 1 | 5 (7.8) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (3.2) | |||
| 1 2 | 11 (17.2) | 8 (24.2) | 3 (9.7) | |||
| 2 3 | 29 (45.3) | 12 (36.4) | 17 (54.8) | |||
| 3 4 | 15 (23.4) | 5 (15.2) | 10 (32.3) | |||
| missing | 4 (6.3) | 4 (12.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Angina pectoris N (%) | 9 (14.1) | 2 (6.1) | 7 (22.6) | NA | 0.082 | |
| Palpitations N (%) | 23 (35.9) | 11 (33.3) | 12 (38.7) | NA | 0.797 | |
| Peripheral edema N (%) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (18.2) | 3 (9.7) | NA | 0.474 | |
| Arrhythmias | 31 (48.4) | 19 (57.6) | 12 (38.7) | NA | 0.204 | |
| Atrial Fibrillaton | 6 (9.4) | 4 (12.1) | 2 (6.5) | NA | 0.672 | |
| Mitral valve murmur | 26 (40.6) | 7 (21.2) | 19 (61.3) | NA | 0.004* | |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension N (%) | 31 (48.4) | 17 (51.5) | 14 (45.2) | NA | 0.612 | |
| Diabetes mellitus N (%) | 6 (9.4) | 3 (9.1) | 3 (9.7) | NA | 1.000 | |
| Coronary artery disease N (%) | 13 (20.3) | 5 (15.2) | 8 (25.8) | NA | 0.534 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 (6.3) | 2 (6.1) | 2 (6.5) | NA | 1.000 | |
| COPD | 4 (96.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (12.9) | NA | 0.113 | |
| Drugs | ||||||
| Beta blockers N (%) | 50 (78.1) | 25 (72.7) | 26 (83.9) | NA | 0.536 | |
| ACE inhibitors | 19 (29.7) | 10 (30.3) | 9 (29.0) | NA | 1.000 | |
| AT1 inhibitors | 10 (15.6) | 9 (27.3) | 1 (3.2) | NA | 0.013* | |
| Diuretics | 23 (35.9) | 1 (97.0) | 13 (41.9) | NA | 0.439 | |
| Calcium antagonists N (%) | 18 (28.1) | 8 (24.2) | 10 (32.3) | NA | 0.585 | |
| Anticoagulation drugs N (%) | 32 (50.0) | 15 (45.5) | 17 (54.8) | NA | 0.617 | |
Data are presented as frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables. Continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Continuous parameters with skewed distributions as median (interquartile range). *Statistically significant. NA: Not applicable.
Data are presented as frequencies (percentage) for categorical variables. Continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Continuous parameters with skewed distributions as median (interquartile range)32. HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HNCM: non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HOCM: hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; NA: Not applicable.
IVS = interventicular septum size; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVPWD = left ventricular posterior wall thickness end diastole; LVOT gradient = left ventricular outflow tract gradient maximum; LA = left atrium; AT1 = angiotensin II receptor antagonist; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SCD = sudden cardiac death.