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. 2019 Dec 30;9:20313. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56919-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of traps and some ecological indicators used for the environmental monitoring in Senegal: banana trap for fruit feeding butterflies (a), banana trap for fruit feeding beetles (b), larval stages of Charaxes sp. (c) that feed on trees and of Cetoniinae (d) that are detritivorous and live in plant litter. Adult Charaxes epijasius feeding on a mango (e), Charaxes achemenes resting on a trunk (f), Chondrorrhina abbreviata feeding on a plant wound together with a bee (g) and Pachnoda marginata on the ground (h).