Table 1.

Adjusted^a analyses for the effect of year for age- and sex-specific patient categories on prevalent stimulant prescription rates – California, 2008 to 2017

	Patient Age
	15–24		25–34		35–44		45–54		55–64		≥ 65
Year	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI
Males
2008	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
2009	0.97	[0.96, 0.99]	1.11	[1.08, 1.13]	1.03**	[1.01, 1.05]	1.01†	[0.99, 1.02]	1.01†	[0.99, 1.03]	1.01†	[0.98, 1.03]
2010	1.26	[1.24, 1.28]	1.57	[1.53, 1.60]	1.39	[1.36, 1.42]	1.26	[1.23, 1.28]	1.25	[1.22, 1.28]	1.23	[1.19, 1.26]
2011	1.38	[1.35, 1.40]	1.82	[1.78, 1.86]	1.54	[1.51, 1.58]	1.31	[1.28, 1.34]	1.25	[1.22, 1.28]	1.29	[1.25, 1.33]
2012	1.49	[1.47, 1.52]	2.17	[2.11, 2.22]	1.77	[1.73, 1.82]	1.41	[1.37, 1.44]	1.32	[1.28, 1.35]	1.36	[1.32, 1.41]
2013	1.58	[1.54, 1.61]	2.55	[2.48, 2.62]	2.03	[1.98, 2.09]	1.54	[1.50, 1.57]	1.39	[1.35, 1.43]	1.46	[1.41, 1.51]
2014	1.63	[1.60, 1.67]	2.86	[2.78, 2.94]	2.25	[2.19, 2.31]	1.65	[1.60, 1.69]	1.41	[1.37, 1.45]	1.56	[1.50, 1.61]
2015	1.70	[1.66, 1.74]	3.23	[3.14, 3.33]	2.51	[2.44, 2.58]	1.77	[1.72, 1.81]	1.45	[1.41, 1.50]	1.61	[1.56, 1.67]
2016	1.76	[1.72, 1.81]	3.61	[3.50, 3.72]	2.89	[2.81, 2.97]	1.92	[1.87, 1.97]	1.54	[1.50, 1.59]	1.77	[1.71, 1.84]
2017	1.68	[1.63, 1.73]	3.66	[3.54, 3.79]	3.07	[2.98, 3.16]	1.96	[1.91, 2.02]	1.53	[1.48, 1.58]	1.87	[1.81, 1.94]
RRCb	1.064	[1.060, 1.067]	1.151	[1.147, 1.155]	1.135	[1.132, 1.139]	1.081	[1.077, 1.084]	1.047	[1.044, 1.051]	1.071	[1.067, 1.076]
Females
2008	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
2009	1.00†	[0.99, 1.02]	1.07	[1.06, 1.09]	1.03	[1.02, 1.05]	0.99*	[0.97, 1.00]	1.02**	[1.01, 1.04]	1.01†	[0.98, 1.03]
2010	1.36	[1.34, 1.39]	1.56	[1.53, 1.60]	1.43	[1.40, 1.46]	1.28	[1.26, 1.30]	1.31	[1.28, 1.33]	1.24	[1.20, 1.27]
2011	1.47	[1.44, 1.50]	1.64	[1.61, 1.68]	1.45	[1.42, 1.48]	1.27	[1.24, 1.29]	1.30	[1.28, 1.33]	1.25	[1.22, 1.29]
2012	1.61	[1.58, 1.65]	1.90	[1.86, 1.95]	1.65	[1.61, 1.68]	1.39	[1.36, 1.41]	1.41	[1.38, 1.44]	1.35	[1.31, 1.39]
2013	1.73	[1.69, 1.77]	2.28	[2.22, 2.34]	2.02	[1.96, 2.07]	1.61	[1.57, 1.64]	1.57	[1.53, 1.60]	1.48	[1.43, 1.52]
2014	1.78	[1.73, 1.83]	2.50	[2.43, 2.57]	2.24	[2.17, 2.31]	1.77	[1.72, 1.82]	1.67	[1.63, 1.71]	1.58	[1.53, 1.63]
2015	1.80	[1.75, 1.85]	2.72	[2.64, 2.81]	2.48	[2.40, 2.56]	1.93	[1.88, 1.98]	1.73	[1.68, 1.77]	1.63	[1.58, 1.68]
2016	1.85	[1.80, 1.91]	3.00	[2.90, 3.11]	2.78	[2.68, 2.88]	2.12	[2.05, 2.19]	1.84	[1.79, 1.89]	1.74	[1.68, 1.79]
2017	1.78	[1.72, 1.84]	3.19	[3.07, 3.31]	3.17	[3.04, 3.31]	2.35	[2.26, 2.44]	1.94	[1.88, 2.00]	1.88	[1.82, 1.94]
RRCb	1.067	[1.063, 1.070]	1.132	[1.127, 1.137]	1.137	[1.131, 1.143]	1.103	[1.099, 1.108]	1.074	[1.070, 1.078]	1.072	[1.068, 1.076]

Note. RR = rate ratio; CI = confidence interval; Ref = referent group; RRC, rate ratio change

p < 0.001 unless otherwise indicated,

^†p > 0.05.

^*0.01 < p < 0.05.

^**0.001 < p < 0.01.

^aPoisson models utilizing general estimating equations; covariates included ZCTA-level socioeconomic status quintile and proportion of white residents (both derived from the 2013–2017 American Community Survey), and rurality (metropolitan versus non-metropolitan) derived from the 2010 Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes.

^bAnnual prescribing rate change, adjusted for aforementioned covariates and expressed as rate ratios, from 2008 to 2017 across all ZCTAs in the named category.