Table 3.
Multivariate correlates by type-role category of bullying with uninvolved group as a reference
| Variables | Traditional bullying | Cyberbullying | Combined bullying | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victims (N = 122) |
Bullies/bully-victims (N = 147) |
Victims (N = 136) |
Bullies/bully-victims (N = 65) |
Victims (N = 58) |
Bullies/bully-victims (N = 133) |
|||||||
| AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Male | 1.28 (0.84,1.95) | 0.244 | 2.80 (2.00,3.91) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.54,1.30) | 0.405 | 1.49 (0.90,2.47) | 0.115 | 0.62 (0.32,1.18) | 0.138 | 1.79 (1.17,2.73) | 0.010 |
| Internet addiction | ||||||||||||
| No addiction | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Addiction | 1.17 (0.84,1.63) | 0.325 | 1.46 (1.02,2.08) | 0.041 | 1.15 (0.74,1.78) | 0.529 | 1.28 (0.78,2.11) | 0.319 | 2.60 (1.36,4.97) | 0.006 | 2.61 (1.63,4.20) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.79 (0.52,1.21) | 0.257 | 1.88 (1.33,2.64) | 0.001 | 1.68 (1.13,2.50) | 0.012 | 1.87 (1.09,3.22) | 0.026 | 1.47 (0.86,2.50) | 0.151 | 2.90 (1.98,4.26) | < 0.001 |
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||||
| No serious distress | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.74 (1.16,2.61) | 0.009 | 1.91 (1.27,2.88) | 0.003 | 1.98 (1.36,2.87) | 0.001 | 1.27 (0.74,2.20) | 0.368 | 1.25 (0.66,2.37) | 0.476 | 2.08 (1.33,3.24) | 0.003 |
| Self-harm | ||||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.20 (0.57,2.54) | 0.615 | 4.01 (2.31,6.94) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.46,2.09) | 0.951 | 1.78 (0.60,5.24) | 0.282 | 3.55 (1.74,7.27) | 0.001 | 1.24 (0.62,2.49) | 0.525 |
| Suicidal ideation | ||||||||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 2.34 (1.28,4.27) | 0.008 | 1.32 (0.70,2.49) | 0.377 | 0.96 (0.46,2.00) | 0.913 | 0.94 (0.33,2.66) | 0.905 | 1.46 (0.56,3.83) | 0.420 | 2.43 (1.41,4.18) | 0.003 |
| Type of school | ||||||||||||
| Academic | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
| Vocational | 1.18 (0.71,1.96) | 0.502 | 2.43 (1.52,3.90) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.43,1.29) | 0.277 | 1.43 (0.81,2.52) | 0.204 | 0.68 (0.28,1.67) | 0.381 | 1.83 (1.10,3.06) | 0.023 |
| School climate | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 1.41 (0.80,2.46) | 0.220 | 1.55 (1.04,2.29) | 0.032 | 1.19 (0.80,1.76) | 0.384 | 1.95 (1.17,3.23) | 0.012 | 2.69 (1.37,5.27) | 0.006 | 2.58 (1.68,3.96) | < 0.001 |
| Positive | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||||
Notes: AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval