Table 2.
The demographics and perioperative data of study patients(n = 123)
| Variables | No AKI | Stage | P Value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
| Patient population | 68 | 38 | 10 | 7 | |
| Demographic data | |||||
| Age (y) | 45.0 (32.5, 56.0) | 52.0 (41.5, 54.0) | 55.5(44.0, 64.3) | 51.0 (25.0, 60.0) | 0.063 |
| Male sex (%) | 47(69.1%) | 20(52.6%) | 8(80%) | 7(100%) | 0.798 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (21.1, 26.0) | 22.6 (20.0, 25.6) | 22.2 (21.0, 23.6) | 23.7 (19.6, 25.3) | 0.222 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Diabetes (%) | 3(4.4%) | 1(2.6%) | 0 | 0 | 0.768 |
| Hypertension (%) | 13(19.1%) | 4(10.5%) | 2(20.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.340 |
| CAD (%) | 7(10.3%) | 2(5.3%) | 1(10.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.559 |
| Smoking (%) | 16(23.5%) | 9(23.7%) | 3(30.0%) | 3(42.9%) | 0.634 |
| Risk factors for CTEPH | |||||
| Deep venous embolism (%) | 28(41.2%) | 16(42.1%) | 4(40.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.736 |
| Acute pulmonary embolism (%) | 14(20.6%) | 9(23.7%) | 3(30%) | 0 | 0.868 |
| History of acute thrombolysis (%) | 12(17.6%) | 4(10.5%) | 1(10.0%) | 0 | 0.172 |
| Anti-phospholipid syndrome (%) | 6(8.8%) | 1(2.6%) | 1(10.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.715 |
| Baseline (Preoperative) renal function | |||||
| Preoperative serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.76, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.08) | 1.13 (1.01,1.20) | 0.584 |
| Renal insufficiency (%) | 7(10.3%) | 2(5.3%) | 1(10.0%) | 2(28.6%) | 0.823 |
| Preoperative cardiac status | |||||
| Anteroposterior diameter of right ventricular (mm) | 29.0 (25.5, 37.0) | 31.0 (26.5, 39.0) | 36.0 (25.0, 46.0) | 46.0 (28.0, 58.0) | 0.066 |
| Internal diameter of major pulmonary artery (mm) | 29.0 (25.0, 31.8) | 30.0 (24.5, 34.5) | 31.5 (23.5, 37.5) | 33.0 (31.0, 45.0) | 0.031 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 65 (60, 71) | 67 (61, 73) | 73 (62, 75) | 67 (55, 70) | 0.255 |
| NYHA class III | 45(66.2%) | 27(71.1%) | 8(80.0%) | 6(85.7%) | 0.161 |
| NYHA class IV | 1(1.5%) | 2(5.3%) | 0 | 1(14.3%) | 0.467 |
| Right heart catheterization Data | |||||
| Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) | 47.0 (40.0, 60.0) | 48.5 (39.8,53.5) | 51.0 (47.5, 62.5) | 55.0 (46.8, 62.3) | 0.909 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (Wood U) | 8.3 (5.4, 13.4) | 7.6 (6.2, 10.1) | 10.2 (6.5, 15.4) | 6.8 (5.5, 14.1) | 0.901 |
| Cardiac output (L min−1) | 5.0 (3.8, 5.7) | 4.5 (3.9, 5.3) | 3.4 (3.2, 5.3) | 4.5 (3.8, 6.3) | 0.125 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||
| Preoperative platelet count (109/L) | 212 (173, 241) | 174 (127, 219) | 165 (133, 208) | 194 (105, 202) | 0.002 |
| Preexisting thrombocytopenia (platelet count< 150,109/L) (%) | 11(16.2%) | 9(23.7%) | 3(30%) | 3(42.9%) | 0.134 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (g/L) | 149 (137, 157) | 139 (113, 151) | 153 (127, 158) | 155 (138, 163) | 0.065 |
| Preexisting anemia (%) | 2(2.9%) | 8(21.1%) | 1(10%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.005 |
| intraoperative blood product use (%) | |||||
| Red blood cells | 1(1.5%) | 0 | 0 | 1(14.3%) | 0.008 |
| Fresh frozen plasma | 4(5.9%) | 2(5.3%) | 2(20%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.052 |
| Platelets | 2(2.9%) | 4(10.5%) | 3(30%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.007 |
| Surgical details | |||||
| Procedure time (min) | 325 (296, 346) | 332 (301, 364) | 373 (313, 384) | 383 (335, 468) | 0.09 |
| CPB duration (min) | 222 (187, 243) | 229 (190, 256) | 249 (213, 275) | 252 (236, 299) | 0.045 |
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 104 (89, 124) | 117 (86, 131) | 100 (84, 135) | 136 (113, 149) | 0.145 |
| DHCA duration (min) | 37 (20, 45) | 41 (31, 48) | 36 (27, 49) | 47 (36, 58) | 0.014 |
| Lowest rectal temperature (°C) | 19.6 (18.9, 20.6) | 19.1 (18.7, 20.0) | 19.4 (18.4, 19.9) | 19.2 (18.7, 20.2) | 0.074 |
| Lowest nasopharyngeal temperature (°C) | 18.0 (17.7,18.6) | 18.1 (17.6,18.5) | 18.2 (18.0,19.0) | 18.0 (17.7,18.7) | 0.555 |
| Outcomes (%) | |||||
| RRT | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4(57.1%) | 0.08 |
| ECMO | 1(1.5%) | 0 | 0 | 2(28.6%) | 0.852 |
| Delirium | 6(8.8%) | 5(13.2%) | 2(20.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.109 |
| Reperfusion pulmonary edema | 3(4.4%) | 0 | 1(10.0%) | 4(57.1%) | 0.497 |
| Pulmonary infection | 27(39.7%) | 18(47.4%) | 6(60.0%) | 7(100%) | 0.028 |
| Re-exploration | 3(4.4%) | 2(5.3%) | 1(10.0%) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Tracheotomy | 2(2.9%) | 0 | 3(30%) | 4(57.1%) | 0.085 |
| Pericardial effusion | 4(5.9%) | 3(7.9%) | 1(10.0%) | 1(14.3%) | 0.740 |
| Stroke | 1(1.5%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Debridement | 2(2.9%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.572 |
BMI Body mass index, CAD Coronary artery disease; Renal insufficiency, preoperative serum creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL; anemia, hemoglobin< 120 g/L in male and hemoglobin< 110 g/L in female, CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass, DHCA Deep hypothermia circulatory arrest, RRT Renal replacement therapy, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
*Comparisons between patients without AKI and with AKI