Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Variables, R Aged 65 and Over, China
| Variable | Urban | Rural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variable | % | S.D. | % | S.D. |
| When R fell in past 12 months** | ||||
| Yes | 15.0 | 17.0 | ||
| No | 85.0 | 83.0 | ||
| Independent Variables | ||||
| 1) Personal Characteristics | ||||
| Sex*** | ||||
| Male | 49.2 | 54.9 | ||
| Female | 50.8 | 45.1 | ||
| Age*** | ||||
| 65–74 | 55.4 | 53.3 | ||
| 75–84 | 37.9 | 38.8 | ||
| ≥ 85 | 6.8 | 7.9 | ||
| If illiterate*** | ||||
| Yes | 17.2 | 46.9 | ||
| No | 82.8 | 53.1 | ||
| Household income per capita *** | 29,051.7 | 76,549.7 | 7780.3 | 20,877.1 |
| If living alone *** | ||||
| Yes | 17.3 | 18.3 | ||
| No | 82.7 | 81.7 | ||
| 2) Health Status | ||||
| Vision*** | ||||
| Good | 38.5 | 30.2 | ||
| Fair | 28.7 | 29.3 | ||
| Bad | 32.8 | 40.5 | ||
| Chronic Diseases | ||||
| Hypertension*** | ||||
| Yes | 48.2 | 30.6 | ||
| No | 51.8 | 69.4 | ||
| Heart Disease*** | ||||
| Yes | 33.4 | 15.7 | ||
| No | 66.6 | 84.3 | ||
| Arthritis | ||||
| Yes | 24.6 | 24.4 | ||
| No | 75.4 | 75.6 | ||
| Cervical and lumbar spondylosis*** | ||||
| Yes | 18.4 | 14.3 | ||
| No | 81.6 | 85.4 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease*** | ||||
| Yes | 15.1 | 9.2 | ||
| No | 84.9 | 90.8 | ||
| Self-Rated Health*** | ||||
| Very bad | 4.5 | 7.2 | ||
| Bad | 16.4 | 25.0 | ||
| Fair | 56.3 | 49.4 | ||
| Good | 19.6 | 15.7 | ||
| Very good | 3.3 | 2.8 | ||
| Cognitive function score (mean)*** | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
| ADL disability damage score (mean)*** | 6.8 | 2.1 | 7.0 | 2.1 |
| Depressive symptoms *** | ||||
| Yes | 17.3 | 34.5 | ||
| No | 82.7 | 65.5 | ||
| 3) Environmental Factors | ||||
| If tap water is available *** | ||||
| Yes | 98.8 | 65.3 | ||
| No | 1.2 | 34.7 | ||
| Apartment type*** | ||||
| One-story apartment | 16.4 | 71.9 | ||
| High rise building with elevator or on 1st floor | 23.7 | 14.6 | ||
| High rise building without elevator | 59.9 | 13.5 | ||
| If satisfied with living condition | ||||
| Yes | 86.0 | 86.1 | ||
| No | 14.0 | 13.9 | ||
| 4) Physical Activities | ||||
| Taichi*** | ||||
| Yes | 6.2 | 0.5 | ||
| No | 93.8 | 99.5 | ||
| Muscle-toning exercises*** | ||||
| Yes | 9.6 | 1.1 | ||
| No | 90.4 | 98.9 | ||
| Taking a walk*** | ||||
| Yes | 77.8 | 62.3 | ||
| No | 22.2 | 37.7 | ||
| 5) Life Styles | ||||
| Whether smoked *** | ||||
| Yes | 31.2 | 42.7 | ||
| No | 68.8 | 57.3 | ||
| Whether drank*** | ||||
| Yes | 34.6 | 41.8 | ||
| No | 65.4 | 58.2 | ||
| N | 8440 | 7953 | ||
Source: 2010 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Survey on Urban and Rural Elderly
Note: R refers to the respondent. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 represent significance levels when conducting Chi-square or T-tests to check rural-urban sample differences