Fig. 1.

Workflow of the culturomics strategy. Fecal samples were enriched in blood culture bottles containing 5% sheep blood, 5% rumen fluid, and CHIR-090 for one month, plating subsamples at 1, 3, 6, 12, 21, and 30 days, subculturing the resulting colonies in YCFA liquid medium (all cultures were preserved in glycerin at − 80 °C or liquid nitrogen for the reuse of bacteria), streak-inoculating the subcultures, and finally identifying the species by MALDI–TOF MS or 16S rDNA sequencing