Table 1.
References of elevation of inflammatory markers in disease conditions and reduction after yoga intervention
| Name of the disease | Name of the inflammatory marker | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated in disease conditions | Reduced after yoga intervention | ||
| Cardiac disease | NF-κB | Brand et al., 1996[54] | Sarvottam and Yadav 2014[55] |
| IL-6, TNF α, CRP | Vasan et al.[56] | Pullen et al.[57] | |
| Cesari et al.[58] | Shete et al.[59] | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | NF-κB | Miagkov et al.[60] | Arora and Bhattacharjee[61] |
| IL-10 | Crofford et al.[62] | Bower and Irwin[63] | |
| Serum hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 | Shrivastava et al.[64] | Morgan et al.[65] | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | IL-6 and Stat3 | Grivennikov et al.[66] | Kuo et al.[67] |
| Cancer | NF-kappaB and IL-6-GP130-JAK pathways | Nakagawa and Maeda[68] | Bower et al.[43] |
| Multiple sclerosis | Cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, TGF beta 1 and 2 and TNF-alpha |
Woodroofe and Cuzner[69] | Gold et al.[70] |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | C-reactive protein, IL-6 | Pradhan et al.[71] | Kohut et al.[51] |
| IL-8, IL-6 (MCP-1) | Longo et al.[72] | Wang et al.[73] | |
| Schizophrenia | IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-9, and TNF-beta significant increase | Manu et al.[74] | Rao et al.[75] |
| IL-6 in both plasma and CSF | Coughlin et al.[76] | Sanada et al.[77] | |
| Increase in CRP levels | Metcalf et al.[78] | Pascoe et al.[79] | |
| Low back pain | IFN-γ | Cuellar et al.[80] | Cho et al.[81] |
| High levels of hs-CRP | Stürmer et al.[82] | Macphail[83] | |
| Asthma | CRP | Dodig et al.[84] | Pakhale et al.[85] |
| IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IL-6 | Fatemi et al.[86] | Twal et al.[87] | |
| Alzheimer’s disease | BDNF levels, sTNFR1 | Faria et al.[88] | Abd El-Kader and Al-Jiffri[89] |
| IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1, IFN-γ and IL-1β |
Leung et al.[90] | Vijayaraghava et al.[91] | |
| Depression | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | Bautista et al.[92] | Kiecolt-Glaser et al.[52] |
| Pruijm et al.[93] | |||
| Chrysohoou et al.[94] | |||
| Blood pressure | IL-6, TNF-α, CRP | Bautista et al.[92] | Von Känel et al.[95] |
| Pruijm et al.[93] | |||
| Chrysohoou et al.[94] | |||
| Ischemic stroke | CRP, IL-6 | Smith et al.[96] | Sarvottam et al.[97] |
| Parkinson’s disease | IL-6 | Chen et al.[98] | Plessy. Biology in Yoga and Shamanism[99] |
| IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-α | McGeer and McGeer et al.[100] | ||
| Depression | Nuclear factorκB (NFκB) signaling | Koo et al.[101] | David et al.[102] |
IL=Interleukin, NF=Nuclear factor, CRP=C-reactive protein, hs-CRP=High-sensitivity CRP, TNF=Tumor necrosis factor, NF-kappaB=Nuclear factor-kappaB, JAK=Janus kinase, TGF=Transforming growth factor, IFN=Interferon, BDNF=Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, sTNFR=Soluble TNF receptor, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CSF=Cerebrospinal fluid