Table 1.
Proportion of women age 15–49 who were anemic over the survey years by background characteristics, UDHS 2006, 2011, 2016
| Characteristic | 2006 UDHS | 2011 UDHS | 2016 UDHS | Pooled Data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value/ percent |
n | p-value/ percent |
n | p-value/ percent |
n | p-value/ percent |
n | |
| Place of residence | (0.000) | (0.140) | (0.003) | (0.000) | ||||
| Urban | 35.0 | 429 | 19.9 | 509 | 27.5 | 1485 | 27.2 | 2423 |
| Rural | 52.5 | 2244 | 23.8 | 2030 | 32.9 | 4260 | 35.9 | 8534 |
| Region | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||||
| Kampala | 33.2 | 204 | 19.6 | 243 | 25.3 | 294 | 25.6 | 741 |
| Central1 | 59.7 | 284 | 23.6 | 261 | 27.8 | 757 | 33.9 | 1303 |
| Central2 | 42.1 | 240 | 30.3 | 243 | 31.6 | 614 | 33.6 | 1097 |
| East Central | 48.9 | 257 | 29.8 | 269 | 39.2 | 608 | 39.1 | 1134 |
| Eastern | 50.4 | 369 | 28.4 | 378 | 27.3 | 916 | 32.7 | 1663 |
| Northern | 63.8 | 405 | 21.0 | 290 | 41.2 | 754 | 43.4 | 1449 |
| West Nile | 37.4 | 149 | 32.1 | 161 | 39.8 | 374 | 37.4 | 685 |
| Western | 45.5 | 409 | 17.4 | 372 | 30.5 | 754 | 31.3 | 1535 |
| South Western | 50.1 | 353 | 11.7 | 324 | 23.0 | 675 | 27.4 | 1352 |
| Wealth index | (0.000) | (0.029) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||||
| Poorest | 57.9 | 468 | 28.6 | 446 | 40.7 | 1037 | 42.0 | 1952 |
| Poorer | 55.9 | 520 | 26.4 | 448 | 32.9 | 1029 | 37.4 | 1998 |
| Middle | 50.4 | 500 | 19.4 | 469 | 30.8 | 1079 | 32.9 | 2048 |
| Richer | 48.1 | 527 | 22.2 | 540 | 31.0 | 1168 | 32.9 | 2235 |
| Richest | 39.6 | 657 | 20.2 | 636 | 25.0 | 1432 | 27.4 | 2725 |
| Type of toilet facility | (0.001) | (0.044) | (0.000) | (0.000) | ||||
| Improved toilet | 44.8 | 244 | 21.7 | 422 | 29.7 | 1318 | 29.8 | 1985 |
| Shared toilet | 42.2 | 431 | 22.9 | 501 | 26.8 | 1090 | 29.2 | 2022 |
| Nonimproved toilet | 50.7 | 1701 | 22.0 | 1403 | 33.2 | 3018 | 35.5 | 6122 |
| No facility | 58.8 | 291 | 33.0 | 212 | 39.3 | 319 | 44.6 | 822 |
| Source of drinking water | (0.071) | (0.948) | (0.023) | (0.001) | ||||
| Improved | 48.1 | 1849 | 23.0 | 1865 | 30.6 | 4585 | 32.8 | 8298 |
| Nonimproved | 53.2 | 823 | 23.2 | 675 | 35.3 | 1160 | 37.8 | 2659 |
| Sex of the household head | (0.587) | (0.621) | (0.199) | (0.977) | ||||
| Male | 50.1 | 1842 | 23.4 | 1715 | 30.8 | 3677 | 34.0 | 7233 |
| Female | 48.7 | 831 | 22.4 | 824 | 32.7 | 2069 | 34.0 | 3724 |
| Age group | (0.295) | (0.008) | (0.113) | (0.021) | ||||
| 15–19 | 44.8 | 578 | 19.2 | 603 | 32.4 | 1290 | 29.9 | 2471 |
| 20–24 | 50.7 | 518 | 24.5 | 443 | 33.7 | 1160 | 36.0 | 2122 |
| 25–29 | 50.6 | 458 | 22.1 | 474 | 27.2 | 944 | 31.6 | 1875 |
| 30–34 | 50.2 | 396 | 18.1 | 323 | 30.8 | 802 | 33.1 | 1564 |
| 35–39 | 54.4 | 308 | 30.8 | 319 | 30.6 | 645 | 36.4 | 1272 |
| 40–44 | 51.1 | 240 | 25.9 | 195 | 33.5 | 538 | 36.3 | 973 |
| 45–49 | 48.9 | 174 | 27.1 | 181 | 32.9 | 366 | 35.3 | 722 |
| Woman’s level of education | (0.018) | (0.211) | (0.050) | (0.000) | ||||
| No education | 56.0 | 532 | 27.5 | 308 | 37.2 | 567 | 42.2 | 1406 |
| Primary | 49.2 | 1585 | 22.9 | 1537 | 31.6 | 3308 | 33.8 | 6431 |
| Secondary | 45.7 | 461 | 22.5 | 563 | 30.1 | 1460 | 31.3 | 2485 |
| Higher | 41.4 | 94 | 16.8 | 131 | 28.6 | 409 | 28.0 | 635 |
| Woman is currently pregnant | (0.000) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.000) | ||||
| No | 47.6 | 2344 | 22.1 | 2257 | 30.9 | 5156 | 32.9 | 9756 |
| Yes | 64.4 | 329 | 30.6 | 283 | 37.3 | 589 | 43.2 | 1201 |
| Woman has ever given birth | (0.001) | (0.017) | (0.750) | (0.001) | ||||
| No | 43.2 | 608 | 19.3 | 658 | 31.1 | 1446 | 30.9 | 2712 |
| Yes | 51.6 | 2064 | 24.4 | 1881 | 31.7 | 4299 | 35.0 | 8245 |
| Whether woman is involved in decision-making | (0.008) | (0.019) | (0.085) | (0.000) | ||||
| No | 52.6 | 377 | 29.6 | 310 | 35.7 | 437 | 39.7 | 1124 |
| Yes | 51.9 | 1369 | 23.9 | 1278 | 30.3 | 3107 | 34.0 | 5755 |
| Missing | 45.2 | 926 | 19.9 | 951 | 32.4 | 2201 | 32.4 | 4078 |
| Distance to facility a big problem to woman | (0.182) | (0.127) | (0.019) | (0.000) | ||||
| No | 48.0 | 1252 | 21.7 | 1466 | 30.3 | 3581 | 31.8 | 6299 |
| Yes | 51.1 | 1418 | 25.0 | 1073 | 33.6 | 2164 | 36.9 | 4656 |
| Total | 49.7 (N = 2672) | 23.1 (N = 2539) | 31.5 (N = 5745) | 34.0 (N = 10,957) | ||||