Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for anemia among women age 15–49 across the survey years, UDHS 2006, 2011, 2016
| Characteristic | 2006 UDHS | 2011 UDHS | 2016 UDHS | Pooled Data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | [95% CI] | Odds Ratio | [95% CI] | Odds Ratio | [95% CI] | Odds Ratio | [95% CI] | |
| Place of residence (rc: Urban) | ||||||||
| Rural | 1.61* | 1.01–2.56 | 1.13 | 0.71–1.80 | 0.94 | 0.77–1.15 | 1.10 | 0.92–1.32 |
| Region (rc: Kampala) | ||||||||
| Central1 | 1.60 | 0.78–3.29 | 0.95 | 0.49–1.85 | 0.92 | 0.63–1.32 | 1.14 | 0.85–1.54 |
| Central2 | 0.76 | 0.38–1.52 | 1.40 | 0.76–2.55 | 1.00 | 0.67–1.48 | 1.07 | 0.79–1.45 |
| East Central | 0.98 | 0.49–1.95 | 1.35 | 0.74–2.46 | 1.40 | 0.97–2.03 | 1.33 | 0.98–1.80 |
| Eastern | 0.93 | 0.47–1.84 | 1.10 | 0.55–2.18 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.13 | 0.91 | 0.67–1.24 |
| Northern | 1.65 | 0.81–3.36 | 0.66 | 0.34–1.29 | 1.35 | 0.92–1.98 | 1.30 | 0.95–1.78 |
| West Nile | 0.58 | 0.30–1.13 | 1.32 | 0.69–2.54 | 1.31 | 0.83–2.05 | 1.15 | 0.81–1.61 |
| Western | 0.79 | 0.39–1.60 | 0.67 | 0.32–1.40 | 0.92 | 0.61–1.37 | 0.87 | 0.63–1.21 |
| South Western | 1.02 | 0.49–2.12 | 0.40* | 0.19–0.84 | 0.59* | 0.38–0.92 | 0.71* | 0.51–1.00 |
| Wealth index (rc: Poorest) | ||||||||
| Poorer | 1.06 | 0.78–1.45 | 0.93 | 0.64–1.35 | 0.80* | 0.64–0.99 | 0.86 | 0.74–1.01 |
| Middle | 0.92 | 0.64–1.31 | 0.74 | 0.48–1.15 | 0.74* | 0.58–0.95 | 0.76** | 0.63–0.91 |
| Richer | 0.84 | 0.60–1.19 | 0.85 | 0.56–1.29 | 0.74* | 0.57–0.97 | 0.75** | 0.62–0.90 |
| Richest | 0.71 | 0.47–1.08 | 0.77 | 0.39–1.53 | 0.55*** | 0.40–0.76 | 0.59*** | 0.47–0.76 |
| Type of toilet facility (rc: Improved) | ||||||||
| Shared toilet | 0.89 | 0.62–1.28 | 1.11 | 0.69–1.78 | 0.89 | 0.69–1.14 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.12 |
| Nonimproved toilet | 1.01 | 0.70–1.46 | 1.00 | 0.68–1.49 | 1.00 | 0.81–1.24 | 0.98 | 0.83–1.16 |
| No facility | 1.03 | 0.64–1.68 | 1.45 | 0.82–2.57 | 0.90 | 0.65–1.25 | 1.01 | 0.80–1.29 |
| Source of drinking water (rc: Improved) | ||||||||
| Nonimproved | 1.09 | 0.85–1.40 | 1.16 | 0.86–1.56 | 1.32** | 1.08–1.61 | 1.18* | 1.03–1.36 |
| Sex of the household head (rc: Male) | ||||||||
| Female | 1.01 | 0.80–1.28 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.25 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.22 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.15 |
| Age of woman (rc: 15–19) | ||||||||
| 20–24 | 1.01 | 0.70–1.47 | 1.32 | 0.85–2.05 | 1.01 | 0.80–1.28 | 1.06 | 0.88–1.26 |
| 25–29 | 0.99 | 0.66–1.46 | 1.16 | 0.75–1.80 | 0.75* | 0.57–0.99 | 0.88 | 0.72–1.07 |
| 30–34 | 0.95 | 0.65–1.39 | 0.93 | 0.57–1.52 | 0.88 | 0.64–1.20 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.12 |
| 35–39 | 1.19 | 0.77–1.84 | 1.99** | 1.27–3.14 | 0.86 | 0.64–1.17 | 1.11 | 0.89–1.37 |
| 40–44 | 1.05 | 0.66–1.66 | 1.48 | 0.87–2.52 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.34 | 1.07 | 0.85–1.34 |
| 45–49 | 0.92 | 0.58–1.46 | 1.68 | 0.96–2.95 | 1.01 | 0.73–1.40 | 1.07 | 0.84–1.36 |
| Woman’s level of education (rc: None) | ||||||||
| Primary | 0.89 | 0.71–1.12 | 0.89 | 0.64–1.25 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.04 | 0.88 | 0.76–1.01 |
| Secondary | 1.13 | 0.81–1.58 | 1.07 | 0.64–1.78 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.25 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.23 |
| Higher | 0.94 | 0.56–1.57 | 0.81 | 0.40–1.62 | 1.07 | 0.73–1.59 | 1.01 | 0.76–1.35 |
| Woman currently pregnant (rc: No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.00*** | 1.49–2.67 | 1.47* | 1.02–2.10 | 1.33* | 1.07–1.65 | 1.49*** | 1.28–1.73 |
| Woman has ever given birth (rc: No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.34 | 0.96–1.88 | 0.90 | 0.59–1.35 | 1.20 | 0.93–1.54 | 1.17 | 0.98–1.40 |
| Woman involved in decision-making (rc: No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.03 | 0.79–1.34 | 0.76 | 0.51–1.15 | 0.84 | 0.66–1.08 | 0.86 | 0.73–1.02 |
| Missing | 1.04 | 0.76–1.44 | 0.72 | 0.46–1.14 | 1.00 | 0.75–1.32 | 0.93 | 0.77–1.13 |
| Distance to facility a problem (rc: No) | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.92 | 0.76–1.12 | 1.12 | 0.88–1.43 | 1.01 | 0.88–1.16 | 1.02 | 0.92–1.13 |
| Survey year (rc: 2006) | ||||||||
| 2011 | 0.30*** | 0.26–0.36 | ||||||
| 2016 | 0.47*** | 0.41–0.54 | ||||||
| Total observations | 2645 | 2580 | 5799 | 11,024 | ||||
Level of significance *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
CI: Confidence interval
rc: Reference category