Table 1. Materials used in the study.

Manufacturer	Patch number	Composition	Type and reaction	Restorative material
GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan	1602201	Powder: 95% strontium fluoroalumino silicate (FAS) glass Powder: 5% polyacrylic acid Liquid: 40% aqueous poly acrylic acid liquid	Conventional glass ionomer (chemical)	EQUIA Fil
GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan	1604218	Powder: FAS Liquid: polyacrylic acid (20–25%), 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate bicarbonate (1–5%), proprietary ingredient (5–15%)	Resin-modified glass ionomer (dual-cure)	GC Fuji II LC
Pulpdent; Watertown, Massachusetts, United States	160314	Powder: diurethane dimethacrylate, bis (2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) Phosphate, barium glass, ionomer glass, sodium fluoride, colorants Liquid: polyacrylic acid/maleic acid copolymer	Bioactive resin matrix and bioactive glass fillers (dual-cure chemistry)	ACTIVA BIOACTIVE RESTORATIVE
GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan	150360	50% methyl methacrylate, 0.09% camphorquinone	Low-viscosity nano-filled resin coat	G-Coat Plus Low-viscosity nano-filled resin coat