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. 2019 Dec 31;9:20409. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56905-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reversal by spermidine of the neuroprotective effect of nafamostat. Panels a–d show the typical histological appearance of rat retinas after intravitreal injections of vehicle (a), NMDA alone (b, 20 nmol/eye), NMDA plus nafamostat (c, 10 nmol/eye) and NMDA with nafamostat plus spermidine (d, 50 nmol/eye). The scale bar equals 30 µm. Panel e shows the changes in the GCL cell number (upper) and IPL thickness (lower) after intravitreal injections of vehicle (open column), NMDA alone (closed column, 20 nmol/eye), NMDA plus nafamostat (NF, light-grey column, 10 nmol/eye) and NMDA plus nafamostat and spermidine (SP, dark-grey column, 50 nmol/eye). Each value represents the mean ± S.E. for four to five rats. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01, compared with vehicle, ^#P < 0.05; ^##P < 0.01, compared with NMDA alone and ^†P < 0.05, compared with NMDA plus NF by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.