Table 1.

Summary of Mitochondrial Changes in Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-related Macular Degeneration

Disease	Change	Model System	Ref
Diabetic Retinopathy	Decreased Mitochondrial content	Rodents, Primary RECs	19, 30
	mitochondrial morphology (Cristae and fragmentation)	Rodents, Primary RECs, Muller cells	19, 74, 76, 78
	Increased mtDNA damage	Rodents, Human donors with DR, Primary RECs	31, 44, 45
	Decreased Mitochondrial function	Rodents, Primary RECs, Muller cells	8, 18, 76
	Mitochondrial membrane damage, transporters and protein transport	Rodents, Primary RECs,	45, 74, 77
	ETC components	Rodents, Primary RECs,	44, 79
	Fusion-Fission, Autophagy, Biogenesis	Rodents, Primary RECs, Muller cells	17, 19, 30, 3, 74
	Mitochondrial superoxide scavengers	Rodents, Primary RECs	18, 19
	Epigenetic modification of mtDNA	Rodents, Human donors with DR, Primary RECs	72, 73
Age-related Macular Degeneration	Decreased Mitochondrial Content	hRPE-T	36
	Decreased Mitochondrial Surface Area	hRPE-T, Primary hRPE	36, 41
	Mitochondrial Morphology(Cristae)	hRPE-T, Primary hRPE	36, 41
	Increased mtDNA Damage	hRPE-T	39, 47
	Decreased Mitochondrial Function	Primary hRPE	41, 42
	Mitochondrial protein trafficking and refolding, apoptosis	hRPE-T	37
	ETC components, cristae morphology, protein import	hRPE-T	38
	Metabolism, chaperones, protein homeostasis	hRPE-T	80
	Regulators of metabolism, oxidative stress response	Primary hRPE	42
	Autophagy	Primary hRPE	41
	Altered response to drugs	Primary hRPE	47

Abbreviations: Primary retinal endothelial cells (Primary RECs); Primary Human RPE Cell Culture (Primary hRPE); Human RPE Tissue (hRPE-T).