Figure 3.

Regulation of locomotor activity and foraging by muscle-derived Dpp. (A,B) Muscle-specific dpp RNAi increases spontaneous locomotion (A), compared with controls (B). (C) In addition to an overall increase in spontaneous activity (sum of all monitors), dpp RNAi increases activity particularly in proximity to the food (monitor #1), compared with white^RNAi and transgene-alone controls. Mean values are shown in A and B, and the corresponding bar graphs with mean ± SEM are shown in C, with n[Mhc > white^RNAi] = 12, n[Mhc > dpp^RNAi] = 10, n[+/white^RNAi] = 12, and n[+/dpp^RNAi] = 10 batches of 10 flies each. (D,E) Muscle-specific dpp overexpression reduces spontaneous locomotion (D), compared with controls (E). Mean values are shown in D and E, and the corresponding bar graphs with mean ± SEM are shown in F, with n = 8 batches each consisting of 10 flies for each genotype. (G,H) Muscle-specific dpp overexpression with Act88GS reduces spontaneous locomotion primarily in proximity to food (monitor #1) (G), compared with uninduced controls and cherry overexpression (H). Mean values are shown in G and H, and the corresponding bar graphs with mean ± SEM are shown in I, with n = 16 batches each consisting of 10 flies for each condition. Overall, the reduction in activity observed upon dpp overexpression is most prominent in proximity to food (F,I). (***) P < 0.001.