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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pathol. 2019 Jan 24;14:293–318. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012927

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Patchy mTORC1 activation in a case of FCD-IIa reflects somatic mosaicism. (A) Phospho-S6 immunoreactivity in cortical resection specimen at low magnification. Note local variations in the abundance of immunoreactive cells. (B) Higher magnification shows an area of relatively abundant dysplastic neurons with high phospho-S6 immunoreactivity. (C) An area of sparse dysplastic neurons. (D, E) Two-color immunofluorescence to detect phospho-S6 (red) and NeuN (green) demonstrates that a single dysplastic neuron with high phospho-S6 expression. (F, G) High expression of phospho-S6 in subpial (F) and deep-layer (G) astrocytes is not diagnostically significance, as this may be seen in all forms of epilepsy (Jansen et al., 2015). Scale bar (A): 1 mm. Scale bar (B): 50 µm for B, C; 25 µm for C–F.