Fig. 1.

The gut microbiota to the brain axis in the metabolic control. The gut microbiota influences the intestinal system of glucose detection involving the entero-endocrine cells (EEC) and the intestinal neuro-hormones, the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the vagus nerve, through its metabolites, its components and some bacteria themselves. A neuronal glucose detection begins inside the mouth, in the gustative papilleae of the tongue innervated by the vagus nerve and the lingual enteric nervous system (LENS) and where reside also a prokaryotic community, the oral microbiota. The neuronal glucose detection is critical for the metabolism control