. 2019 Nov 29;17:101021. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101021

Table 4.

Percentage of child care providers implementing mealtime best practices and reporting implementation difficulty (difficult to do or potentially do) for each best practice by geographic location (urban, rural) and organizational structure (Child Care Center [CCC] vs. Family Child Care Home [FCCH]) (N = 1170).

	Urban(n = 591)								Rural(n = 579)
	Implementation of Best Practices “Yes”				Implementation Difficulty “Difficult to do or potentially do”				Implementation of Best Practices “Yes”				Implementation Difficulty “Difficult to do or potentially do”
Meal Time Best Practices	CCC(n = 119)%	FCCH(n = 472)%	χ²		CCC(n = 119)%	FCCH(n = 472)%	χ²		CCC(n = 81)%	FCCH(n = 498)%	χ²		CCC(n = 119)%	FCCH(n = 472)%	χ²
1. Providers praise children for trying new or less preferred foods	98.3	99.6	2.210	†^na	6.9	3.6	2.518		100.0	99.2	0.660	^na	5.1	4.5	0.041
2. Providers talk with children about healthy foods at mealtime	97.5	96.1	0.493		10.3	8.0	0.665		82.5	96.3	2.526		12.8	10.2	0.486
3. Providers allow children to decide when they are full during meals	94.1	91.8	0.708		8.0	9.3	0.162		97.5	93.4	2.020		14.9	12.4	0.334
4. Providers sit with children during meals and snacks	90.70	79.7	7.461	^**	27.5	37.7	3.692	*	88.8	78.5	4.466	*	31.2	42.4	3.461
5. Providers enthusiastically role model eating healthy foods served at mealtimes	90.6	90.5	0.002		18.9	13.2	2.249		92.5	90.9	0.210		29.3	10.5	19.818	^**
6. Providers ask children if they are full before removing their plates	86.4	91.0	2.176		7.1	5.9	0.203		83.8	92.7	7.010	^**	8.3	6.0	0.578
7. Children help with setting and clearing the table during mealtimes	79.7	67.7	6.372	*	32.7	35.9	0.378		68.4	70.5	0.146		36.6	40.7	0.436
8. Providers do not use food to calm upset children or encourage appropriate behavior	72.6	70	0.306		12.5	5.6	6.471	*	66.3	66.1	0.001		12.3	4.7	6.656	^**
9. Providers use children’s preferred foods to try less preferred foods^r	72.2	68.4	0.611		87.7	88	0.005		77.5	71.8	1.139		85.5	88.3	0.448
10. Providers eat together with children during mealtimes	67.2	60.7	1.692		31.1	47.4	8.997	^**	70.9	61.6	2.501		39.7	49.0	2.296
11. Providers ask children if they are hungry before serving more food	66.1	65.4	0.018		10.7	6.6	2.146		50.0	61.8	3.989	*	19.1	8.8	6.861	^**
12. Providers do not praise children for finishing food or cleaning their plates	50.9	41.5	3.202		23.9	17.1	2.655		39.2	35.8	0.341		28.8	21.7	1.651
13. Providers eat only the foods and beverages being served to children during mealtimes	47.9	47.7	0.001		41.9	39.0	0.292		50.6	57	1.124		51.3	35.4	7.019	^**
14. Meals and snacks are served family style where children always choose and serve most or all the food themselves	43.0	23.6	17.137	^**	55.6	59.9	0.619		36.3	20.9	9.127	^**	51.4	62.1	3.045

Notes: Chi square analysis using 2x2 contingency table; *p < .05, **p < .01,†n.a. not applicable due to more than 25% of cells have count less than 5.