Fig. 1.

(A) Schematic outline of the chemical and polymeric glycan structures of the two most common schistosome glycoproteins (CCA and CAA) using in rapid urine-antigen detection dipsticks. (B) An illustration of future developments in POC diagnostics with a prototype dual antigen urine-dipstick detecting each antigen separately (LHS CCA, RHS CAA). Having a dual design could detect and differentiate urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis co-infection simultaneously, however, this prototype has inadequate sensitivity for the detection of urine-CAA and needs reformulation.